Hormone Therapy

“Hormone therapy is one of the most effective treatments available for bothersome hot flashes and night sweats. If night sweats are waking you throughout the night…”.1

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Hormone (Replacement) Therapy H(R)T
  • Hormone Medicines
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Hormones
  • Medicines for Hormone Replacement Therapy
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  • Menopause Hormone Medicines
  • Menopause Medicines

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with hormone therapy (HT) information?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of HT information, because this information may have been updated.

Symptoms or Chronic Conditions

What can it also be important to be clear about with HT information?

It can also be important to be clear about whether HT information is about the use of HT for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness or for the prevention of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis.

HT or HRT

Is HT the new HRT?

In Hormone Help Desk: ET, EPT, and More the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) explain:

“Hormone therapy (HT) – HT is another umbrella term your healthcare provider might use that refers to either ET or EPT. The term “hormone replacement therapy” is no longer used by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or The North American Menopause Society because the goal of HT is to provide the amount of hormones required to relieve symptoms, not “replace” the amount produced before menopause. It is considered normal to have low estrogen and progesterone after menopause. Menopause is not a deficiency disease”.2

ET

What is ET?

ET can be an abbreviation for Estrogen Therapy.

EPT

What is EPT?

EPT can be an abbreviation for Estrogen Plus Progestogen Therapy.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy

What is menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)?

DotS the definition of MHT may vary. In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Is MHT? the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) definition is:


Hormone Therapy“Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT), formerly known as Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and hormone therapy (HT), is the medical replacement of the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone, and sometimes testosterone. MHT is a treatment used to help manage menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats, when they are interfering with your life”.3

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Overview the (United Kingdom) NHS’s definition is:

“Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a treatment to relieve symptoms of the menopause. It replaces hormones that are at a lower level as you approach the menopause”.4

In Menopause Glossary: H – Hormone Therapy (HT) the NAMS’s definition is:

“Hormone therapy (HT). Prescription drugs used most often when treating menopause symptoms. Encompasses ET and EPT”.5

In Glossary of Terms: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)/ Hormone Therapy (HT) the Australasian Menopause Society’s (AMS) definition is:

“MHT are hormones that are prescribed during the menopause transition and menopause to alleviate oestrogen deficiency symptoms such as hot flushes, mood swings, vaginal dryness and to prevent or treat osteoporosis. MHT is also recommended for women with premature ovarian insufficiency.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) is the term for what was formerly referred to as Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)”.6

The Pill

Is the pill the same as MHT?

No. ‘The pill’ or the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) is not the same as MHT. The JH caution:

“Please note that MHT is not a contraceptive”.7

Effective or Not

How effective is HT?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits published in June 2017, the NAMS note:

“Hormone therapy is one of the most effective treatments available for bothersome hot flashes and night sweats. If night sweats are waking you throughout the night, HT may improve sleep and fatigue, mood, ability to concentrate, and overall quality of life. Treatment of bothersome hot flashes and night sweats is the principal reason women use HT. Hormone therapy also treats vaginal dryness and painful sex associated with menopause. Hormone therapy keeps your bones strong by preserving bone density and decreasing your risk of osteoporosis and fractures. If preserving bone density is your only concern, and you do not have bothersome hot flashes, other treatments may be recommended instead of HT”.8

Benefits and Risks

When are MHT benefits more likely to outweigh risks?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT – endorsed by seven menopause-related organizations – published online 20 June 2016, is:

  • “MHT, including tibolone and the combination of conjugated equine estrogens and bazedoxifene (CE/BZA), is the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms (VMS) associated with menopause at any age, but benefits are more likely to outweigh risks if initiated for symptomatic women before the age of 60 years or within 10 years after menopause”.9

What are VMS?

DotS the definition of VMS may vary. The NAMS’s definition is:

“Vasomotor symptoms. Also known as hot flashes and night sweats, common symptoms during perimenopause and early postmenopause”.10

Different Differences

Is HT one-size-fits-all?

No. HT is not one-size-fits-all because different women have different menopausal symptoms of different severity, for different lengths of time before and after their final menstrual period. In Menopause FAQs: Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms – Q. What Is Hormone Therapy? the NAMS note:

“You should discuss your individual risks and preferences with your healthcare team to determine whether hormone therapy or alternatives, including FDA-approved nonhormonal therapies, are right for you”.11

What is FDA?

FDA can be an abbreviation for the (United States) Food and Drug Administration.

Common or Not

Is HT the most commonly prescribed treatment for menopausal symptoms?

Yes. In Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Treating Menopausal Symptoms the (British) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s (NICE) explain:

“For women who seek help for their menopausal symptoms, HRT (hormone replacement therapy) is the most commonly prescribed treatment. HRT helps to relieve symptoms by replacing oestrogen levels that naturally fall in menopause. You can take HRT as tablets or through a patch or gel on your skin.

If HRT is suitable for you and you are interested in taking it, your GP should discuss the benefits and risks with you, both in the short term (the next 5 years) and in the future, before you decide to start it.

You should also be given information about:

  • Non-hormonal treatments, for example a drug called clonidine
  • Other types of treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), a type of psychological therapy that helps people to manage the way they think and feel”.12

Who is a GP?

Dots and/or DotC (Depending on the Country) a GP may be a registered general practitioner, a medical practitioner, a medical doctor or a doctor.

Types

Are there different types of HT?

Yes. In HRT: Which HRT? the (British) Women’s Health Concern explain:

“The type of HRT most suited to a woman will depend on a variety of factors, including her stage in the menopausal process, and whether or not she has had a hysterectomy. Most forms of HRT combine different amounts of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone (manufactured progesterone is called progestogen in the UK and progestin in the US).

There are over 50 different combinations of HRT currently available. Most women will make their choice over whether to take HRT, and which form, with the help of their GP”.13

In Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks: What Is Menopause Hormone Therapy? the author explains:

“Oestrogen is usually taken in tablet form, but can be applied as a skin patch or skin gel, or as a vaginal pessary. Progesterone is taken as a capsule. There are a range of single formulations and combinations, so the dose and formulation of MHT should be tailored to each woman’s health profile and personal preferences”.14

Dose, Duration and Follow Up

What does the FDA note about choosing to use HT?

In Menopause: Hormone Treatments? the FDA note:

“Menopause Hormone Therapy should always be used at the lowest dose that helps and for the shortest time that you need it”.15

In BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women: Summary Consensus Statement – Key Points the British Menopause Society and Women’s Health Concern (BMS & WHC) also note:

“The HRT dosage, regimen and duration should be individualised, with annual evaluation of advantages and disadvantages”.16

HRT Supply In UK, April 2022

What if I am experiencing difficulty in obtaining my HRT in the UK (United Kingdom)?

If you are experiencing this difficulty, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Information about this HRT supply shortage includes:

Joint Position Statement

What does the Joint Position Statement by the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause first published in Post Reproductive Health 10 June 2022, include about HT?

In Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause the 22 recommendations and more, include:

“The aim of this Position Statement is to provide evidence-based recommendations on best practice in line with current national and international guidelines and recommendations.

Our recommendations are as follows:

  • The decision whether to take HRT, the dose and duration of its use should be made on an individualised basis after discussing the benefits and risks with each patient. This should be considered in the context of the overall benefits obtained from using HRT including symptom control and improving quality of life as well as considering the bone and cardiovascular benefits associated with HRT use. Discussions with women should also cover aspects such as when to consider stopping HRT and how this can be done (by gradually reducing the dose of HRT). No arbitrary limits should be set on age or duration of HRT intake”.17

2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The NAMS

What does The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society, published in Menopause, The Journal of The North American Menopause Society, July 2022, note about HT?

In The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society the NAMS note:

“Hormone therapy remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and the genitourinary syndrome of menopause and has been shown to prevent bone loss and fracture. The risks of hormone therapy differ depending on type, dose, duration of use, route of administration, timing of initiation, and whether a progestogen is used. Treatment should be individualized using the best available evidence to maximize benefits and minimize risks, with periodic reevaluation of the benefits and risks of continuing therapy”.18

Health Care Provider

What if I to choose to use HT?

If you choose to use HT, it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks the NHS note:

“When deciding whether to have hormone replacement therapy (HRT), it’s important to understand the benefits and risks”.19

In Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment the (United States) Mayo Clinic explain:

“Before deciding on any form of treatment, talk with your doctor about your options and the risks and benefits involved with each. Review your options yearly, as your needs and treatment options may change”.20

On page two in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Hormone Therapy Options the NAMS elaborate on:

“Each woman must make her own decision about HT with the help of her healthcare provider. If you decide to take HT, the next step is to choose between the many HT options available to find the best dose and route for you. With guidance from your health care provider, you can try different forms of HT until you find the type and dose that treats your symptoms with few side effects”.21

Some other points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT are:

  • “The option of MHT is an individual decision in terms of quality of life and health priorities as well as personal risk factors such as age, time since menopause and the risk of VTE, stroke, ischemic heart disease and breast cancer. MHT should not be recommended without a clear indication for its use
  • Consideration of MHT for symptom relief or osteoporosis prevention should be a part of an overall strategy including lifestyle recommendations regarding diet, exercise, smoking cessation and safe levels of alcohol consumption for maintaining the health and quality of life of peri- and postmenopausal women”.22

What is VTE?

VTE can be an abbreviation for Venous Thromboembolism.

The JH also note:

  • “Jean Hailes recommends each woman discusses her decision about taking MHT with her doctor regularly and whenever there are any concerns”.23

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics related to Hormone Therapy?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

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  1. 20 Years of Data Lead To Changes In Perceptions, Usage of Menopausal HT
  2. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  3. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  4. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
  5. BMS PPMC Resources Toolkit [British Menopause Society Principles & Practice of Menopause Care]
  6. Bioidentical Hormone Therapy
  7. Bioidentical Hormones Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  8. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  9. Bleeding – Perimenopausal, Postmenopausal and Breakthrough Bleeding on MHT/HRT
  10. British Menopause Society Update on HRT Supply [Last Updated: 31 May 2022]
  11. British Menopause Society Update on HRT Supply: BMS HRT Preparations and Equivalents
  12. Can Hormone Replacement Therapy Prevent Menopause Brain Changes?
  13. Combined Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  14. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  15. Complementary and Herbal Therapies for Hot Flushes
  16. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  17. Consumer Health: Menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Heart Health
  18. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  19. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  20. EMAS Menopause Essentials
  21. EMAS Replay
    Hormone
  22. EMAS Replay: Risk Assessment for MHT – When, To Whom, Which, and How Long? [Multiply Languages]
  23. EMAS Replay: The Relevance of Estrogen and Progestogen Choice for Breast Safety During MHT [Multiply Languages]
  24. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Women’s Profiles
  25. Estrogen & Hormones: Estrogen and the Cardiovascular System
  26. Estrogen and Progestin (Hormone Replacement Therapy)
  27. Estrogen, Hormone Therapy and Menopause
  28. Fast Facts: HRT and Breast Cancer Risk
  29. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  30. Find An AMS Doctor [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  31. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  32. HRT
  33. HRT and Bleeding Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  34. HRT and Breast Cancer: Overall Risks and Benefits Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  35. HRT and the Risk of Breast Cancer Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  36. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  37. HRT: The History
  38. HRT: Types, Doses and Regimens
  39. Hormone Replacement Therapy
  40. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  41. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  42. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks
  43. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Types
  44. Hormone Replacement Therapy Safe, Despite Rare Blood Clot Risks From Tablets
  45. Hormone Therapy
  46. Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  47. Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms
  48. Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
  49. Hot Flashes? Night Sweats? Progesterone Can Help Reduce Symptoms of Menopause
  50. Jean Hailes MHT Position Statement
  51. Joint BMS, FSRH, RCGP and RCOG Position Statement on the Supply Shortages of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  52. Joint Position Statement by the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause
  53. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [+ Video: Is HRT Bad for You?]
  54. Looking At HRT In Perspective
  55. MHT Still Maligned & Misunderstood: Expert
  56. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks
  57. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Estrogen Replacement Therapy After Ovary Removal
  58. Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  59. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  60. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism
  61. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Women’s Health: An Umbrella Review
  62. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and the Mind: The Role of Hormone Replacement In the Prevention and Treatment of Cognitive Decline, Dementia, and Cognitive Dysfunction of Depression
  63. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke
  64. Menopause
  65. Menopause & Hormones Common Questions
  66. Menopause FAQs: Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms
  67. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Does It Cause Vaginal Bleeding?
  68. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Follow-Up Appointments?
  69. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Who Shouldn’t Take It?
  70. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  71. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
    Hormone Therapy
  72. Menopause Treatment
  73. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment
  74. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  75. Menopause: HRT’s Brain-Protecting Effect May Be Overstated
  76. Menopause: Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT) Safe? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  77. Menopause: Medicines To Help You
  78. Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Treatments
  79. Menopause: What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT)? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  80. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Know the Science: How Medications and Supplements Can Interact
  81. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Menopausal Symptoms In Depth
  82. Oestrogen Only Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  83. Optimising the Menopause Transition: Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause
  84. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  85. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
  86. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  87. Treating Menopause — MHT and Beyond
  88. Types of Hormone Therapy
  89. Venous Thrombosis/Thromboembolism Risk and Menopausal Treatments
  90. Video Series-2020: What You Need to Know About Bioidentical Hormone Therapy
  91. Video Series-2021: Treatment Options for Vaginal Dryness and Urinary Issues
  92. Video Series-2021: What Women Need to Know About Hormone Therapies
  93. Video Series-2022: Hormone Therapy: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
  94. Video Series-2022: Perimenopause, Signs, Symptoms, and Solutions
  95. Videos and Podcasts: Interviews and Podcasts – Interviews: Prevention of Chronic Diseases In Women: Where Does MHT Fit In?
  96. Videos and Podcasts: Interviews and Podcasts – Interviews: The Women’s Health Initiative – What Can We Believe?
  97. Webinar: Perimenopause
  98. Webinars: Previous – Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease With MHT: Where Are We Now?
  99. Webinars: Previous – The Early Menopausal Patient
  100. What Are the Benefits and Risks of HRT?

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society http://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 01 June 2022
  2. Hormone Help Desk: ET, EPT, and More – Hormone Therapy (HT). North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-symptoms-and-treatments/hormone-help-desk-et-ept-and-more Accessed: 01 June 2022
  3. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Is MHT? Last Updated: 13 July 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 01 June 2022
  4. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Overview. Page Last Reviewed: 09 September 2019 NHS  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 01 June 2022
  5. Menopause Glossary: H – Hormone Therapy (HT). North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-glossary#H Accessed: 01 June 2022
  6. Glossary of Terms: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)/ Hormone Therapy (HT). Content Updated: February 2022. Australasian Menopause Society’s https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/381-glossary-of-terms Accessed: 01 June 2022
  7. Sex & Relationships: Managing Contraception During Menopause – When Is It Safe To Stop Contraception? Last Updated: 16 July 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/sex Accessed: 01 June 2022
  8. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society http://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 01 June 2022
  9. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 01 June 2022
  10. Glossary: V. North American Menopause Society http://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-glossary#V Accessed: 01 June 2022
  11. Menopause FAQs: Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms – Q. What Is Hormone Therapy? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-hormone-therapy-for-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 01 June 2022
  12. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Treating Menopausal Symptoms. Published Date: 12 November 2015. Last Updated: 05 December 2020. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/ifp/chapter/Treating-menopausal-symptoms Accessed: 01 June 2022
  13. HRT: Which HRT? Reviewed: December 2017. Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/hrt/ Accessed: 01 June 2022
  14. Davis, S. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks: What Is Menopause Hormone Therapy? 18 November 2019. https://theconversation.com/making-sense-of-menopausal-hormone-therapy-means-understanding-the-benefits-as-well-as-the-risks-124084 Accessed: 01 June 2022
  15. Menopause: Hormone Treatments. Content Current As of: 22 August 2019. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/WomensHealthTopics/ucm117978.htm Accessed: 01 June 2022
  16. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women: Summary Consensus Statement – Key Points. Updated March 2021. British Menopause Society and Women’s Health Concern https://thebms.org.uk/publications/consensus-statements/bms-whcs-2020-recommendations-on-hormone-replacement-therapy-in-menopausal-women/ Accessed: 01 June 2022
  17. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. 12 June 2022. British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 17 June 2022
  18. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause: July 2022 – Volume 29 – Issue 7 – p 767-794 https://journals.lww.com/menopausejournal/Abstract/2022/07000/The_2022_hormone_therapy_position_statement_of_The.4.aspx Accessed: 06 July 2022
  19. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks. Page Last Reviewed:09 September 2019. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/risks/ Accessed: 01 June 2022
  20. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment. 14 October 2020. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353401 Accessed: 01 June 2022
  21. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Hormone Therapy Options. 2017:2. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 01 June 2022
  22. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 01 June 2022
  23. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Should You Take MHT? Last Updated: 13 July 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 01 June 2022

Topic Last Updated: 06 July 2022 – Topic Last Reviewed: 01 June 2022
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