Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks

“If you decide to use hormone therapy, use it at the lowest
dose that helps. Also use hormones
for the shortest time that you need them”.1

Umbrella

What may the Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • HRT/HT/MHT Benefits and Risks
  • HRT/HT/MHT Health Benefits and Risks
  • HRT/HT/MHT Pros and Cons
  • HRT/HT/MHT Risks and Benefits
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with hormone therapy (HT) benefits and risks information?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of HT benefits and risks information, because this information may have been updated.

Symptoms or Chronic Conditions

What can it also be important to be clear about with HT benefits and risks information?

It can also be important to be clear about whether HT benefits and risks information is about the use of HT for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness or for the prevention of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis.

Hormone Therapy

What is hormone therapy (HT) or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)?

Depending on the Source the definition of HT may vary. In Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Is MHT? the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) definition is:

“Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), formerly known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), helps manage menopausal symptoms when they interfere with your life. Menopausal symptoms are caused by lowering levels of oestrogen hormones. MHT is the medical replacement of female hormones oestrogen and progesterone, and sometimes testosterone”.2

Benefits and Risks Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ?

Yes. HT benefits and risks can differ. These differences may include:

Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks Differences

  1. Benefit Differences
  2. Risk Differences
  3. Individual Differences
  4. Symptom Differences
  5. Age Differences
  6. Postmenopause Differences
  7. Health Conditions Differences
  8. Uterus Differences
  9. EPT and ET Differences
  10. Product Differences
  11. Option Differences
  12. Duration Differences
  13. Breast Cancer Risk
  14. Bone Loss and Fracture Benefits

1. Benefit Differences

Can HT benefits differ?

In Risks and Benefits of MHT: Key Points the Australasian Menopause Society note:

“For the majority of symptomatic women, the benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) outweigh the risks”.3

On page three in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

“For most women, initiating HRT has a favourable benefit/risk profile. However, HRT should not be used without a clear indication and should not be used for the sole purpose of disease prevention”.4

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) the (United Kingdom) NHS elaborate on:

“The benefits and risks of taking HRT depend on your age, your menopause symptoms and any risk factors you have.

If you’re under 60 years old, have menopause symptoms, and are not at high risk of breast cancer or blood clots, the benefits of HRT are likely to outweigh the risks.

Talk to a GP, who will help you decide”.5

2. Risk Differences

Can HT risks differ?

In Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Therapy: What Are the Risks of Using Hormone Therapy? the (United States) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) note:

“For some women, hormone therapy may increase their chances of getting blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and gall bladder disease. For a woman with a uterus, estrogen increases the chance of getting endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine lining). Adding progestin lowers this risk”.6

3. Individual Differences

Can HT individual benefits and risks differ?

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, one of the recommendations is:

  • “The decision whether to take HRT, the dose and duration of its use should be made on an individualised basis after discussing the benefits and risks with each patient. This should be considered in the context of the overall benefits obtained from using HRT including symptom control and improving quality of life as well as considering the bone and cardiovascular benefits associated with HRT use”.7

4. Symptom Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different menopause symptoms?

On page 767 in The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of the North American Menopause Society: Abstract  “endorsed by more than 20 well-respected international organizations”, published July 2022, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) note:

“For bothersome genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms not relieved with over-the-counter therapies in women without indications for use of systemic hormone therapy, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies (eg, vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone or oral ospemifene) are recommended”.8

5. Age Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different ages?

In Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? the Menopause Society (formerly the North American Menopause Society) explain:

“For most women, experts agree that HT helps to control moderate to severe menopause symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness within 10 years of menopause and up to age 59 years. Also, women should use the lowest dose for the shortest amount of time needed to keep the symptoms under control”.9

6. Postmenopause Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ according to if you’ve been postmenopausal for 10 years or more?

In Ongoing Individualized Hormone Therapy Appears to Have No Age Limit, published 04 September 2024, the Menopause Society note:


Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks“The Menopause Society’s 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement advises that women aged older than 65 years can continue using hormone therapy (HT) with appropriate counseling and risk assessment. A new retrospective analysis demonstrates that it’s not unusual for women aged as old as 80 years to still benefit from HT. Results of the analysis will be presented at the 2024 Annual Meeting of The Menopause Society in Chicago September 10-14”.10

7. Health Conditions Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different health conditions?

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): When HRT Is Not Suitable, last updated 03 November 2022, the (Scottish) NHS Inform explain:

“HRT may not be suitable, or a specialist opinion may be needed, if you:

  • Have a history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer or womb (uterus) cancer
  • Have a history of blood clots, tablet HRT is not recommended but taking HRT through the skin can be considered
  • Have a history of heart disease or stroke
  • Have untreated high blood pressure – your blood pressure will need to be controlled before you can start HRT
  • Have liver disease
  • Are pregnant or breastfeeding”.11

In Menopause: Hormone Therapy – Who Should Not Take Hormone Therapy for Menopause?, published 14 December 2023, the FDA note:

“Women who:

  • Think they are pregnant
  • Have problems with vaginal bleeding
  • Have certain kinds of cancers
  • Have had a stroke or heart attack
  • Have had blood clots
  • Have liver disease”.12

8. Uterus Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who have a uterus?

Hormone Therapy Benefits and RisksOn page one in Deciding About Hormone Use, published July 2022, the NAMS note:

“Because estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus, women with a uterus need to take an additional hormone, progestogen, to protect the uterus”.13

Hormone Therapy Benefits and RisksIf you do not have a uterus, on page one in Deciding About Hormone Use, the NAMS also note:

“Women without a uterus just take estrogen”.14

9. ET and EPT Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who use ET and those who use EPT?

In Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? the Menopause Society explain:

“You and your healthcare professional need to balance your individual benefits and risks based on your medical history. For example, if you don’t have a uterus and can take ET alone, your risks are different from those women who still have a uterus and must use EPT to protect against uterine cancer”.15

10. Product Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different HT products?

On page two in Deciding About Hormone Use: Pill or Non-Pill the NAMS explain:

“Hormone therapy is available as a daily pill, but it also may be taken as a skin patch, gel, cream, spray, or vaginal ring. Non-pill forms may be more convenient. Hormone therapy pills need to be taken every day, but skin patches are changed only once or twice weekly, and the HT vaginal ring is changed only every 3 months. Hormone therapy taken in non-pill form enters your blood stream more directly, with less effect on the liver. Studies suggest that this may lower the risk of blood clots in the legs and lungs compared with HT taken as a pill”.16

11. Option Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different HT options?

On page 767 in The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement: Abstract the NAMS note:

“The risks of hormone therapy differ depending on type, dose, duration of use, route of administration, timing of initiation, and whether a progestogen is used”.17

In Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?, last updated 03 September 2024, the JH note:

“Research shows there are some risks associated with MHT. The risks of hormone therapy differ depending on:

  • The type of medication
  • The dose given
  • How long the medication is used for
  • How the medication is given (e.g. patch or tablet)
  • When medication is started
  • Whether a progestogen is used
  • The type of progestogen used”.18

12. Duration Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who choose to use HT for different duration or lengths of time?

In Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Therapy: How Long Should I Use Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms? the FDA note:

“Treatment of menopausal symptoms should be decided with your health care provider, as there are many different FDA-approved hormones for treatment of the symptoms of menopause”.19

13. Breast Cancer Risk

Can HT increase breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Use: Potential Risks the NAMS explain:

“Hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen) might slightly increase your risk of breast cancer if used for more than 4 to 5 years. Using estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) does not increase breast cancer risk at 7 years but may increase risk if used for a longer time”.20

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause one of the recommendations is:

  • “Current evidence suggests that oestrogen alone HRT is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer than combined HRT. Breast cancer risk is duration dependent and may vary with the type of progestogen used. The risk of breast cancer should be considered in the context of the overall benefits and risks associated with HRT intake”.21

14. Bone Loss Benefit

Can HT prevent bone loss and fractures?

In The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause: Management – Considerations for All Women At Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy, published online 30 October 2023, the authors explain:

  • “MHT prevents bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women”.22

Health Care Provider

What if I choose to use HT, how can I find out what my benefits and risks are?

If you choose to use HT, it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Use the NAMS explain:


Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks“Every woman is different, and you will decide about whether to use HT based on the severity of your symptoms, your personal and family health history, and your own beliefs about menopause treatments. Your healthcare professional will be able to help you with your decision”.23

In Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause?, published 14 December 2023, the FDA note:

“Menopause hormone therapy is not for everyone. Like all medicines, hormone therapy has benefits and risks. Talk with your health care provider about hormone therapy. If you decide to use hormone therapy, use it at the lowest dose that helps. Also use hormones for the shortest time that you need them”.24

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

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New or Updated

  1. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  2. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
  3. BMS Statement on Testosterone [26 July 2024]
  4. BMS TV: Bioidentical Hormones
  5. BMS TV: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  6. BMS TV: HRT and Breast Cancer: Overall Risks and Benefits
  7. BMS TV: HRT and the Risk of Breast Cancer
  8. BMS TV: Testosterone Explained
  9. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  10. Can You Have HRT If You Are Overweight?
  11. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  12. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2022 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – Hormone Therapy: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
  13. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2023 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – Lifestyle Modification and Prevention of Breast Cancer
  14. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2023 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – NAMS 2023 Nonhormone Therapies Position Statement for Bothersome Menopause Symptoms
  15. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2023 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – New FDA-Approved Nonhormone Option for the Treatment of Hot Flashes
  16. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2024 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  17. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  18. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  19. Dr Louise Newson: The Truth About the Menopause & HRT
  20. EMAS On-Demand Webinars [European Menopause and Andropause Society] [Multiply Languages]: Personalized Oral Combined MHT and Long-Term Effects: How To Choose According To the Patient’s Needs [Multiply Languages]
  21. Endometrial Cancer, the Menopause and HRT
  22. FAQs: Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  23. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  24. Find An AMS Doctor [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  25. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  26. Guidance on Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  27. HRT
  28. HRT & Menopause Extra
  29. HRT Dosing and Individualisation | Dr Louise Newson
  30. HRT – Types, Doses and Regimens
  31. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  32. HRT: Fact-Checking Risks and Benefits
  33. HRT: The History
  34. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  35. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) With Dr Nicky Peel & Prof. David Armstrong
  36. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  37. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Continuous Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Tablets, Capsules and Patches
  38. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Oestrogen Tablets, Patches, Gel and Spray
  39. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Sequential Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Tablets and Patches
  40. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  41. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Tibolone
  42. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Utrogestan (Micronised Progesterone)
  43. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Vaginal Oestrogen
  44. Hormone Therapy
  45. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions
  46. Hormone Therapy: Four Things A Mayo Clinic Women’s Health Specialist Wants You To Know [02 May 2024] [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network. Name Super/CG: Taryn Smith, M.D./Internal Medicine/Mayo Clinic]
  47. Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
  48. I Forgot To Ask the Doctor – E9: The Menopause: Can Every Woman That Wants It Have HRT?
  49. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [+ Video: Is HRT Bad for You?] [Other Languages and Formats]
  50. Management of Unscheduled Bleeding on HRT
  51. Mayo Clinic Minute: Help With Hot Flashes Due To Menopause [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  52. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Perimenopause Transitions and Concerns
  53. Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  54. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  55. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism
  56. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke
  57. Menopause
  58. Menopause & Hormones: Questions To Ask Your Doctor
  59. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Does It Cause Vaginal Bleeding?
  60. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Benefits of MHT?
  61. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?
  62. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
    Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks
  63. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 3. The Risks & Benefits of HRT
  64. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 4. The Different Types of HRT
  65. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Treating Vasomotor Symptoms of Menopause
  66. Menopause Symptoms: Mayo Clinic Expert Outlines Hormone and Nonhormonal Therapies
  67. Menopause Treatments: What Works, What Doesn’t
  68. Menopause and HRT
  69. Menopause and HRT: Fact and Fiction
  70. Menopause, Perimenopause, Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments With Madelyn Butler, MD [Podcast]
  71. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  72. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT [NICE Guideline]
  73. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  74. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause?
  75. Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 256
  76. Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245
  77. Navigating Menopause: Honest Answers To All Your Questions [+ Video: What To Expect in Menopause]
  78. Ongoing Individualized Hormone Therapy Appears to Have No Age Limit
  79. Randomized Trials of Estrogen-Alone and Breast Cancer Incidence: A Meta-Analysis
  80. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  81. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  82. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause
  83. The Truth About Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  84. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice
  85. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Findings In Context
  86. Therapy for the Effects of Menopause
  87. Types of Hormone Therapy
  88. UCalgary Research Reveals Importance of Route of Administration of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  89. Understanding the Risks and Benefits of Hormone Therapy for Menopause [+ Video]
  90. Updated BMS Guidelines on Unscheduled Bleeding on HRT
  91. Vaginal Dryness
  92. Vaginal Dryness After Menopause: How To Treat It?
  93. Vaginal Oestrogen Is A Treatment on the Rise, But Is It Safe?
  94. Video: Leslie Cho, MD, Discusses CV Risks, Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  95. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Heart Disease, Risk Factors of Developing Heart Disease, and Can I Take Hormones?
  96. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Prevention of Chronic Diseases In Women: Where Does MHT Fit In?
  97. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: The Women’s Health Initiative – What Can We Believe?
  98. Webinars: Previous – Non-Hormonal Pharmacological Interventions For VMS
  99. Webinars: Previous – Non-Pharmacological Interventions For VMS
  100. World Menopause Day [18 October 2024]

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 15 September 2024
  2. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Is MHT? Last Updated: 03 September 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 15 September 2024
  3. Risks and Benefits of MHT: Key Points. Content Updated January 2021. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/risks-and-benefits-of-mht-hrt Accessed: 15 September 2024
  4. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:3. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 15 September 2024
  5. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Page Last Reviewed: 08 February 2023. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/benefits-and-risks-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 15 September 2024
  6. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Are the Risks of Using Hormone Therapy? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 15 September 2024
  7. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 15 September 2024
  8. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract. July 2022:767. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  9. Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? Menopause Society https://menopause.org/patient-education/menopause-topics/hormone-therapy Accessed: 15 September 2024
  10. Ongoing Individualized Hormone Therapy Appears to Have No Age Limit. 04 September 2024. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/press-releases/ongoing-individualized-hormone-therapy-appears-to-have-no-age-limit 15 September 2024
  11. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): When HRT Is Not Suitable. Last Updated 03 November 2022. NHS Inform https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 15 September 2024
  12. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – Who Should Not Take Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 15 September 2024
  13. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  14. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  15. Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? Menopause Society https://menopause.org/patient-education/menopause-topics/hormone-therapy Accessed: 15 September 2024
  16. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Pill or Non-Pill. 2022:2. Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  17. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract. Menopause, Volume 29, No 27, 2022:767. Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  18. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? Last Updated: 03 September 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 15 September 2024
  19. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – How Long Should I Use Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 15 September 2024
  20. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. 2022:2. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  21. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 15 September 2024
  22. Davis, S. R., Taylor, S., Hemachandra, C., Magraith, K., Ebeling, P. R., Jane, F., and Islam, R. M. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause: Management – Considerations for All Women At Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy First Published Online: 30 October 2023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13697137.2023.2258783 Accessed: 15 September 2024
  23. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 15 September 2024
  24. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 15 September 2024
Topic Last Updated: 15 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 15 September 2024

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