Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks

Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks

“If you decide to use hormone therapy, use it at the lowest
dose that helps. Also use hormones
for the shortest time that you need them”.1

Umbrella

What may the Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • HRT/HT/MHT Benefits and Risks
  • HRT/HT/MHT Health Benefits and Risks
  • HRT/HT/MHT Pros and Cons
  • HRT/HT/MHT Risks and Benefits
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with hormone therapy (HT) benefits and risks information?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of HT benefits and risks information, because this information may have been updated.

Symptoms or Chronic Conditions

What can it also be important to be clear about with HT benefits and risks information?

It can also be important to be clear about whether HT benefits and risks information is about the use of HT for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness or for the prevention of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis.

Hormone Therapy

What is hormone therapy (HT) or menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)?

Depending on the Source the definition of HT may vary. In Glossary of Terms |Fact Sheet, updated April 2026, the Australasian Menopause Society’s definition is:

“Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)/ Hormone Therapy (HT)
MHT also known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or hormone therapy (HT) refers to hormones prescribed to help oestrogen deficiency. This is most commonly prescribed for women around the time of menopause to relieve menopausal symptoms and to prevent osteoporosis. Women with other causes of oestrogen deficiency (such as pituitary gland problems) may also be prescribed hormone therapy”.2

Benefits and Risks Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ?

Yes. HT benefits and risks can differ. These differences may include:

Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks Differences

  1. Benefit Differences
  2. Risk Differences
  3. Individual Differences
  4. Symptom Differences
  5. Age Differences
  6. Postmenopause Differences
  7. Health Conditions Differences
  8. Uterus Differences
  9. EPT and ET Differences
  10. Product Differences
  11. Option Differences
  12. Duration Differences
  13. Breast Cancer Risk
  14. Bone Loss and Fracture Benefits

1. Benefit Differences

Can HT benefits differ?

On page three in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

“For most women, initiating HRT has a favourable benefit/risk profile. However, HRT should not be used without a clear indication and should not be used for the sole purpose of disease prevention”.3

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) the (United Kingdom) NHS elaborate on:

“The benefits and risks of taking HRT depend on your age, your menopause symptoms and any risk factors you have.

If you’re under 60 years old, have menopause symptoms, and are not at high risk of breast cancer or blood clots, the benefits of HRT are likely to outweigh the risks.

Talk to a GP, who will help you decide”.4

2. Risk Differences

Can HT risks differ?

On page seven of Menopause and Menopause Hormone Therapy: 4. Why Is MHT Important? What Are the Risks? the International Menopause Society’s (IMS) Leaflet for Women for World Menopause Day 2024, the IMS explain:

“While MHT offers many benefits, there are some small risks:

  • Breast cancer: There is a slight increase in risk, especially with long-term use
  • Blood clots: This risk is higher with certain forms of MHT, like tablets
  • Stroke: Older women or those with certain health conditions may be at higher risk

It’s important to have a personalized discussion with your healthcare professional to understand how these risks apply to you”.5

In Treatments for Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) include:

“You should have a careful discussion with your doctor about whether the possible risks outweigh the benefits of using MHT if you:

  • Are older than 60
  • Have been postmenopausal for 10 years or more
  • Have had cancer or a blood clot or stroke
  • Have a family history of cancer or blood clots or stroke
  • Have had vaginal bleeding after menopause
  • Have heart disease
  • Suffer from a kidney or liver disease
  • Suffer from migraine with aura.

Your doctor may advise you not to use MHT if your personal risk is higher than the potential benefit you might get from using hormonal therapies to manage your menopausal symptoms”.6

3. Individual Differences

Can HT individual benefits and risks differ?

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, one of the recommendations is:

  • “The decision whether to take HRT, the dose and duration of its use should be made on an individualised basis after discussing the benefits and risks with each patient. This should be considered in the context of the overall benefits obtained from using HRT including symptom control and improving quality of life as well as considering the bone and cardiovascular benefits associated with HRT use”.7

4. Symptom Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different menopause symptoms?

On page 767 in The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of the North American Menopause Society: Abstract  “endorsed by more than 20 well-respected international organizations”, published July 2022, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) (now the Menopause Society) note:

“For bothersome genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms not relieved with over-the-counter therapies in women without indications for use of systemic hormone therapy, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies (eg, vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone or oral ospemifene) are recommended”.8

5. Age Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different ages?

In Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? the Menopause Society note:

“For most women, experts agree that HT helps to control moderate to severe menopause symptoms such as hot flashes when initiated within 10 years of onset of menopause or under age 60 years”.9

6. Postmenopause Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ according to if you’ve been postmenopausal for 10 years or more?

In Ongoing Individualized Hormone Therapy Appears To Have No Age Limit, published 04 September 2024, the Menopause Society note:


Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks“The Menopause Society’s 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement advises that women aged older than 65 years can continue using hormone therapy (HT) with appropriate counseling and risk assessment. A new retrospective analysis demonstrates that it’s not unusual for women aged as old as 80 years to still benefit from HT. Results of the analysis will be presented at the 2024 Annual Meeting of The Menopause Society in Chicago September 10-14”.10

7. Health Conditions Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different health conditions?

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): When HRT Is Not Suitable, last updated 02 December 2024, the (Scottish) NHS Inform explain:

“HRT may not be suitable, or a specialist opinion may be needed, if you:

  • Have a history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer or womb (uterus) cancer
  • Have a history of blood clots, tablet HRT is not recommended but taking HRT through the skin can be considered
  • Have a history of heart disease or stroke
  • Have untreated high blood pressure – your blood pressure will need to be controlled before you can start HRT
  • Have liver disease
  • Are pregnant or breastfeeding.

In these circumstances, a different type of medication may be prescribed to help manage your menopausal symptoms”.11

In Menopause: Hormone Therapy – Who Should Not Take Hormone Therapy for Menopause?, published 14 December 2023, the (United States) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) note:

“Women who:

  • Think they are pregnant
  • Have problems with vaginal bleeding
  • Have certain kinds of cancers
  • Have had a stroke or heart attack
  • Have had blood clots
  • Have liver disease”.12

8. Uterus Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who have a uterus?

Hormone Therapy Benefits and RisksOn page one in Deciding About Hormone Use, published February 2025, the Menopause Society note:

“Because estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus, women with a uterus need to take an additional hormone, progestogen, or a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) to protect the uterus”.13

Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks

If you do not have a uterus, on page one in Deciding About Hormone Use, the Menopause Society also note:

“Women without a uterus just take estrogen”.14 

9. ET and EPT Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who use ET and those who use EPT?

In Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? the Menopause Society explain:

“You and your healthcare professional need to balance your individual benefits and risks based on your medical history. For example, if you don’t have a uterus and can take ET alone, your risks are different from those women who still have a uterus and must use EPT to protect against uterine cancer”.15

10. Product Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different HT products?

On page two in Deciding About Hormone Use: Pill or Non-Pill the Menopause Society explain:

“Hormone therapy is available as a daily pill, but it also may be taken as a skin patch, gel, cream, spray, or vaginal ring. Non-pill forms may be more convenient. Hormone therapy pills need to be taken every day, but skin patches are changed only once or twice weekly, and the HT vaginal ring is changed only every 3 months. Hormone therapy taken in non-pill form enters your blood stream more directly, with less effect on the liver. Studies suggest that this may lower the risk of blood clots in the legs and lungs compared with HT taken as a pill”.16

11. Option Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for different HT options?

In Treatments for Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? the JH note:

“Research shows there are some risks associated with MHT. The risks of hormone therapy differ depending on:

  • The type of medication
  • The dose given
  • How long the medication is used for
  • How the medication is given (e.g. patch or tablet)
  • When medication is started
  • Whether a progestogen is used
  • The type of progestogen used”.17

12. Duration Differences

Can HT benefits and risks differ for those who choose to use HT for different duration or lengths of time?

In Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Therapy: How Long Should I Use Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms? the FDA note:

“Treatment of menopausal symptoms should be decided with your health care provider, as there are many different FDA-approved hormones for treatment of the symptoms of menopause”.18

13. Breast Cancer Risk

Can HT increase breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Use: Potential Risks the Menopause Society explain:

“Hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen) might slightly increase your risk of breast cancer if used for more than 4 to 5 years. Using estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) does not increase breast cancer risk at 7 years but may increase risk if used for a longer time”.19

14. Bone Loss Benefit

Can HT prevent bone loss and fractures?

In The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause: Management – Considerations for All Women At Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy, published online 30 October 2023, the authors explain:

  • “MHT prevents bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women”.20

Health Care Provider

What if I choose to use HT, how can I find out what my benefits and risks are?

If you choose to use HT, it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Use the Menopause Society explain:


Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks“Every woman is different, and you will decide about whether to use HT based on the severity of your symptoms, your personal and family health history, and your own beliefs about menopause treatments. Your healthcare professional will be able to help you with your decision”.21

In Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause?, published 14 December 2023, the FDA note:

“Menopause hormone therapy is not for everyone. Like all medicines, hormone therapy has benefits and risks. Talk with your health care provider about hormone therapy. If you decide to use hormone therapy, use it at the lowest dose that helps. Also use hormones for the shortest time that you need them”.22

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

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U.S. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Labeling To Be Updated, 10 November 2025

New or Updated

  1. ACOG Expands Recommendations for Management of Menopause Symptoms [American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  2. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  3. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  4. Bleeding on HRT: What’s Normal and What’s Not
  5. Can You Have HRT If You Are Overweight?
  6. Can You Have HRT If You Have Had A Clot?
  7. Compounded Hormone Treatments: Separating the Myths From the Evidence | Dr Louise Newson Live Q&A [10 September 2026]
  8. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2023 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – Lifestyle Modification and Prevention of Breast Cancer
  9. Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2024 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  11. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  12. Does HRT Cause Heart Attacks?
  13. Does MHT Prevent or Treat Cognitive Decline? Recent Data Converge on An Answer
  14. EMAS On-Demand Webinars [European Menopause and Andropause Society] [Multiply Languages]: FDA Decision on MHT Warnings – A Live EMAS Roundtable
  15. EMAS On-Demand Webinars [European Menopause and Andropause Society] [Multiply Languages]: Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM): Diagnosis and Evidence-Based Management
  16. Endometrial Cancer, the Menopause and HRT [Video]
  17. Estrogen: Separating Fear From Fact: Dr Avrum Bluming
  18. FAQs: Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  19. FDA Expert Panel on Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy for Women [17 July 2025]
  20. FDA Grand Rounds: FDA Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) Labeling: Historical Context & Recent Changes
  21. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  22. Find A Practitioner [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  23. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  24. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
  25. HRT Types and Doses | Dr Louise Newson
  26. HRT – Types, Doses and Regimens
  27. HRT, Breast Cancer and the Real Risks of Not Taking Hormones
  28. HRT, Misinformation and Navigating the Menopause Media Minefield With Kaye Adams
  29. HRT: Fact-Checking Risks and Benefits
  30. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  31. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): A Summary
  32. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks
  33. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Continuous Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Tablets, Capsules and Patches
  34. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Oestrogen Tablets, Patches, Gel and Spray
  35. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Sequential Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Tablets and Patches
  36. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  37. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Tibolone
  38. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Utrogestan (Micronised Progesterone)
  39. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Vaginal Oestrogen
  40. Hormone Therapy
  41. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions
  42. Hormone Therapy Myths: Muscle, Bone Health & Aging After 40
  43. Hormone Therapy SafetHormone Therapy Benefits and Risks
  44. Hormone Therapy Use for Menopause Declines Despite Proven Benefits, Study Finds
  45. Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
  46. Hormone Treatments After 70: Why You Don’t Need To Stop
  47. How Should You Come Off Your HRT?
  48. How Vaginal Hormones Can Transform the Health of Women
  49. Initiation of Hormone Therapy After Age 65 Remains Risky but Still Works for Some Women
  50. International Menopause Society (IMS) Recommendations and Key Messages on Women’s Midlife Health and Menopause
  51. Management of Unscheduled Bleeding on HRT
  52. Menopausal Symptom Treatments
  53. Menopause
  54. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Does It Cause Vaginal Bleeding?
  55. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
    Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks
  56. Menopause Symptoms: Mayo Clinic Expert Outlines Hormone and Nonhormonal Therapies
  57. Menopause and HRT: Fact and Fiction
  58. Menopause, Perimenopause, Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments With Madelyn Butler, MD [Podcast]
  59. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  60. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause?
  61. Menopause: Identification and Management [NICE Guideline]
  62. Menopause: Identification and Management [NICE Guideline]
    Hormone Therapy Benefits and Risks
  63. New ACOG Menopause Guidelines 2026: What’s Changing, What Matters & What You Need to Know
  64. Ongoing Individualized Hormone Therapy Appears to Have No Age Limit
  65. Online Events [International Menopause Society]: Past Webinars – 2025: The Burn, the Itch, the Pain, the Urge: GSM In Women
  66. Online Events [International Menopause Society]: Past Webinars – 2026: New IMS Recommendations – Evidence-Based Management of Vasomotor Symptoms
  67. Online Events [International Menopause Society]: Past Webinars – 2026: New IMS Recommendations – Midlife Body Changes
  68. Practical HRT Tips | Dr Louise Newson
  69. Progestin Sensitivity / Progesterone Intolerance
  70. Pros and Cons of HRT Patches
  71. Reappraising the Safety of Menopausal Hormone Therapy for Women—Implications for the Clinic
  72. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  73. Testosterone Use In Menopausal Women
  74. Testosterone and Why the UK Is Falling Behind
  75. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause
  76. The Real Danger To Women Isn’t Hormone Therapy, It’s Bad Science
  77. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice
  78. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: Findings In Context
  79. Types of Hormone Therapy
  80. Understanding the Risks and Benefits of Hormone Therapy for Menopause [+ Video]
  81. Updated 2024 NICE Menopause Guidance Summary
  82. Updated BMS Guidelines on Unscheduled Bleeding on HRT
  83. Updated Dose Tables for Estrogen and Progestogen Prescribing In BMS and WHC Resources [British Menopause Society and Women’s Health Concern]
  84. Vaginal Dryness After Menopause: How To Treat It?
  85. Vaginal Oestrogen Is A Treatment on the Rise, But Is It Safe?
  86. Video: Hormone Therapy Protects Bone, Heart, Brain Health During Menopause
  87. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Heart Disease, Risk Factors of Developing Heart Disease, and Can I Take Hormones?
  88. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – The Women’s Health Initiative – What Can We Believe?
  89. What Is the Difference Between Vagifem and Estring?
  90. When MS Meets Menopause: Is It Time To Rethink HRT?
  91. Why Understanding Your Hormones Changes Everything
  92. World Menopause Day 2024: Leaflet for Women [Multiply Languages]
  93. World Menopause Day 2024: The IMS White Paper: Menopause and MHT In 2024: Addressing the Key Controversies [Multiply Languages]

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 03 June 2026
  2. Glossary of Terms | Fact Sheet. Updated: April 2026. Australasian Menopause Society https://hub.menopause.org.au/Play?pId=b474d931-428c-4cf7-a80a-74ff4287b33d Accessed: 03 June 2026
  3. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:3. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 03 June 2026
  4. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Page Last Reviewed: 08 February 2023. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/benefits-and-risks-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 03 June 2026
  5. Menopause and Menopause Hormone Therapy: 4. Why Is MHT Important? What Are the Risks? 2024:4. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-WMD-Leaflet_English.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  6. Treatments for Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-topics/menopause/treatments-for-menopause/ Accessed: 03 June 2026
  7. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 03 June 2026
  8. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract. July 2022:767. North American Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  9. Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? Menopause Society https://menopause.org/patient-education/menopause-topics/hormone-therapy Accessed: 03 June 2026
  10. Ongoing Individualized Hormone Therapy Appears To Have No Age Limit. 04 September 2024. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/press-releases/ongoing-individualized-hormone-therapy-appears-to-have-no-age-limit Accessed: 03 June 2026
  11. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): When HRT Is Not Suitable. Last Updated: 02 December 2024. NHS Inform https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/ Accessed: 03 June 2026
  12. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – Who Should Not Take Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 03 June 2026
  13. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2025:1. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/default-document-library/MenoNote-Deciding-About-HT-2025.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  14. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2025:1. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/default-document-library/MenoNote-Deciding-About-HT-2025.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  15. Hormone Therapy: Is Hormone Therapy Safe? Menopause Society https://menopause.org/patient-education/menopause-topics/hormone-therapy Accessed: 03 June 2026
  16. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Pill or Non-Pill. 2025:2. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/default-document-library/MenoNote-Deciding-About-HT-2025.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  17. Treatments for Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT? Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-topics/menopause/treatments-for-menopause/ Accessed: 03 June 2026
  18. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – How Long Should I Use Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 03 June 2026
  19. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. 2025:2. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/default-document-library/MenoNote-Deciding-About-HT-2025.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  20. Davis, S. R., Taylor, S., Hemachandra, C., Magraith, K., Ebeling, P. R., Jane, F., and Islam, R. M. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause: Management – Considerations for All Women At Menopause: Menopausal Hormone Therapy First Published Online: 30 October 2023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13697137.2023.2258783 Accessed: 03 June 2026
  21. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2025:1. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/default-document-library/MenoNote-Deciding-About-HT-2025.pdf Accessed: 03 June 2026
  22. Menopause: Hormone Therapy – What Is Hormone Therapy for Menopause? Content Current As of: 14 December 2023. Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause Accessed: 03 June 2026
Topic Last Updated: 25 October 2026 – Topic Last Reviewed: 03 June 2026

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