“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart
disease than men. However, as women age and their
oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Heart Disease and Menopause Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • After Menopause
  • Before Menopause
  • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Heart Conditions
  • Heart Disease/s
  • Perimenopause
  • Postmenopause

Heart Disease

What is heart disease?

DotS the definition of heart disease may vary. The (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition is:

“The term “heart disease” refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type of heart disease in the United States is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD affects the blood flow to the heart. Decreased blood flow can cause a heart attack”.2

Before Menopause

Heart Disease and MenopauseHeart Disease and MenopauseIs there an association between before menopause and heart disease?

In What Is Menopause: Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart disease than men. However, as women age and their oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease increases. Heart disease is one of the leading cause of death for Australian women. Heart disease also claims three times as many lives as breast cancer”.3

In Menopause and Heart Disease the British Heart Foundation (BHF) note:

“Before the menopause, women in general have a lower risk of being affected by coronary heart disease. But after the menopause, your risk increases”.4

In Coronary Heart Disease: Women and Heart Disease – Why Does Coronary Heart Disease Affect Women Differently? the (United States) National Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) elaborate on:

  • “Hormone changes may affect a woman’s risk for coronary heart disease. Before menopause, the hormone estrogen provides women with some protection against heart disease. However, as women age, their risk for coronary heart disease increases. Taking hormones to relieve symptoms of menopause can further increase that risk”.5

Postmenopause

Is there an association between postmenopause and heart disease?

The JH explain:

“After menopause, risk factors for heart disease increase. These include:

  • High blood pressure
  • An increase in total cholesterol
  • An increase in LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol)
  • A decrease in HDL (‘good’ cholesterol)
  • An increase in blood fats, such as triglycerides”.6

Early Menopause

Is there an association between early menopause and heart disease?

Yes. According to the NHLBI:

Heart Disease and Menopause“Women who experience early menopause, especially after surgical removal of the uterus, are more likely to develop heart disease than women of the same age who have not yet experienced menopause”.7

Hormone Replacement Therapy Risk

Can hormone replacement therapy (HRT) reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease?

In Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? the BHF note:

“There’s also evidence that HRT can reduce your risk of developing coronary heart disease, or of having a heart attack and stroke. This is because it replaces hormones in your body, which can help to protect your heart. Evidence shows that HRT should be started within 10 years of starting the menopause and before the age of 60. The earlier HRT is started, the more effective it is at protecting your heart and reducing your risk of coronary heart disease”.8

Cholesterol Levels

Is there an association between some types of HRT and cholesterol levels?

In Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? the BHF also note:

“It’s thought that HRT can have a positive effect on your cholesterol levels, however some types of HRT can increase your cholesterol levels. Talk to your doctor if you have high cholesterol”.9

Blood Clots and Stroke

Is there an association between HRT, blood clots and a stroke?

In Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? the BHF explain:

“HRT tablets can slightly increase your risk of blood clots and a stroke, but the risk is low for women under 60. Most women are prescribed HRT through the skin (such as HRT patches). If you’re worried about this, speak to your doctor about having HRT as a patch or gel instead”.10

Heart Disease Prevention

What are the most effective ways to prevent heart disease?

In The Connection Between Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risks, published 20 February 2023, the author elaborates on:

“Research suggests the most effective ways to prevent heart disease include not smoking, being physically active, eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, getting enough sleep, and keeping cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose levels under control”.11

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have heart disease or I have a family history of heart disease?

If you think you have heart disease or you have a family history of heart disease, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Heart Disease: It’s Not Just for Men – How Do I Find Out If I Am Risk for Heart Disease? You and Your Doctor: A Heart Healthy Partnership the NHLBI also remind us:

“A crucial step in determining your risk is to see your doctor for a thorough checkup. Your doctor can be an important partner in helping you set and reach goals for heart health. But don’t wait for your doctor to mention heart disease or its risk factors. Many doctors don’t routinely bring up the subject with women patients. Here are some tips for establishing good, clear communication between you and your doctor:

  • Speak Up…
  • Keep Tabs on Treatment…
  • Be Open…
  • Keep It Simple…”.12

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Heart Disease and Menopause?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Heart Disease and Menopause?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 15 February 2025
  2. Heart Disease: About Heart Disease. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/ Accessed: 15 February 2025
  3. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 15 February 2025
  4. Menopause and Heart Disease. Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/living-with-a-heart-condition/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 15 February 2025
  5. Coronary Heart Disease: Women and Heart Disease – Why Does Coronary Heart Disease Affect Women Differently? Last Updated: 27 December 2024. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/women#Why-does-coronary-heart-disease-affect-women-differently? Accessed: 15 February 2025
  6. What Is Menopause? The Menopause Transition – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 31 October 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 15 February 2025
  7. Coronary Heart Disease: Women and Heart Disease – Why Does Coronary Heart Disease Affect Women Differently? Last Updated: 27 December 2024. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/women#Why-does-coronary-heart-disease-affect-women-differently? Accessed: 15 February 2025
  8. Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 15 February 2025
  9. Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 15 February 2025
  10. Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 15 February 2025
  11. Williamson, L. The Connection Between Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risks. 21 February 2023 https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/02/20/the-connection-between-menopause-and-cardiovascular-disease-risks Accessed: 15 February 2025
  12. Heart Disease: It’s Not Just for Men – How Do I Find Out If I Am Risk for Heart Disease? You and Your Doctor: A Heart Healthy Partnership. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/education-and-awareness/heart-truth/heart-disease-not-just-men Accessed: 15 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 15 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 15 February 2025

“Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle and strength
that can happen when someone gets older
and does less physical activity”.1

Umbrella

What may the Sarcopenia Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Loss of Muscle Mass, Strength and Function
  • Sarcopenia

Definition

What is sarcopenia?

DotS the definition of sarcopenia may vary. The (United States) Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov’s definition is:

“Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle and strength that can happen when someone gets older and does less physical activity. This may cause trouble with daily activities like standing from a chair, walking, twisting the lid off a jar, or carrying groceries. Over time, loss of strength can lead to falls or other injuries”.2

Common or Not

How common is sarcopenia?

In Sarcopenia the OWH explain:

“Currently, it is estimated that 10–20% of older adults have sarcopenia, although it could be even more prevalent because diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia is not yet common”.3

Age

At what age does losing muscle begin?

In Sarcopenia: At What Age Should I Be Concerned About Sarcopenia? the OWH note:

“You start losing muscle at age 30. However, the rate of decline really starts to increase around age 60. That’s when you might notice changes in your ability to get around and function. Exercise and strengthening your muscles are beneficial for people of all ages but are especially important as we get older to help prevent sarcopenia and other health complications”.4

Prevention

How may sarcopenia be prevented?

In Sarcopenia: Prevention – How Can I Prevent Sarcopenia? the (United States) Cleveland Clinic explain:

“You may not be able to completely prevent sarcopenia since the condition happens as part of the natural aging process. But you can take steps to slow the progression of the disease. These include:

  • Make healthy food choices: Maintain a healthy diet that includes high-quality proteins. Aim for 20 to 35 grams of protein in each meal
  • Exercise: Maintain a physically active lifestyle that includes exercises such as resistance training
  • Routine physicals: See your healthcare provider regularly, and let them know about any changes in your health”.5

SarcopeniaHealth Care Provider

What if I think I have sarcopenia?

If you think you have sarcopenia, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Sarcopenia: Should My Health Care Professional Screen for Sarcopenia? the OWH note:

“Ideally, there would be a universal way to screen for sarcopenia. There are different ways to determine your risk of sarcopenia. The important thing to remember is that if you are finding everyday activities difficult, like opening a jar or getting up from a seated position without using your arms, or if you notice increased muscle weakness, a conversation with your health care professional about these changes is important to preserve health and independence and to prevent falls”.6

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Sarcopenia?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Sarcopenia?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 14 February 2025
  2. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 14 February 2025
  3. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 14 February 2025
  4. Sarcopenia: At What Age Should I Be Concerned About Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 14 February 2025
  5. Sarcopenia: Prevention – How Can I Prevent Sarcopenia? 03 June 2022. Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23167-sarcopenia#prevention Accessed: 14 February 2025
  6. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 14 February 2025
  7. Sarcopenia: Should My Health Care Professional Screen for Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 14 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 14 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 February 2025

“A healthy diet includes the following: Fruit, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice)…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Healthy Diet Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Diet
  • Good Nutrition
  • Healthy Diet
  • Healthy Eating
  • Nutrition

Healthy DietHealthy Diet

What is a healthy diet?

In Healthy Diet: For Adults the World Health Organization explain:

“A healthy diet includes the following:

  • Fruit, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice)
  • At least 400 g (i.e. five portions) of fruit and vegetables per day, excluding potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other starchy roots
  • Less than 10% of total energy intake from free sugars, which is equivalent to 50 g (or about 12 level teaspoons) for a person of healthy body weight consuming about 2000 calories per day, but…
  • Less than 30% of total energy intake from fats. Unsaturated fats (found in fish, avocado and nuts, and in sunflower, soybean, canola and olive oils) are preferable to…
  • Less than 5 g of salt (equivalent to about one teaspoon) per day. Salt should be iodized…”.2

Recipes

Where may I find some nutritious recipes?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help with healthy eating?

If you would like help with healthy eating, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.

In Nutrition and Healthy Eating: Basics – Nutrition Basics the (United States) Mayo Clinic elaborate on:

“Want to go beyond the nutrition basics? Talk to your doctor or a dietitian for personalized dietary advice that takes into account your health status, lifestyle, and food preferences”.3

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Healthy Diet?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Healthy Diet?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Healthy Diet: For Adults. 29 April 2020. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet Accessed: 14 February 2025
  2. Healthy Diet: For Adults. 29 April 2020. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet Accessed: 14 February 2025
  3. Nutrition and Healthy Eating: Basics – Nutrition Basics. 21 November 2023. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/basics/nutrition-basics/hlv-20049477 Accessed: 14 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 14 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 February 2025

“Postmenopausal women are especially vulnerable to STIs
because having fragile vulvar tissues
can allow these viruses to enter the body more easily”.1

Umbrella

What may the Sexually Transmitted Infections Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Sexually Transmissible Infections
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  • Venereal Diseases (VD)

Terminology

Are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov explain:

“Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs”.2

Sexually Transmitted Infections

What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

DotS the definition of STIs may vary. The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health’s (JH) definition is:

“An STI is an infection spread from one person to another during sex. STIs can be spread through semen, vaginal fluids, anal fluids, blood, skin-to-skin contact and, in some cases, saliva”.3

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

DotS the definition of STDs may vary. The (United States) MedlinePlus’ definition is:

“Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. This is because some STIs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact”.4

How Many

How many STIs are there?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Overview the World Health Organization (WHO) elaborate on:

“More than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites are known to be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Some STIs can also be transmitted from mother-to-child during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Eight pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of STIs. Of these, 4 are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. The other 4 are viral infections: hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV)”.5

Cause

What can cause STIs?

In Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Symptoms & Causes – Causes the (United States) Mayo Clinic note:

“Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by:

  • Bacteria.  Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples of STIs that are caused by bacteria
  • Parasites. Trichomoniasis is an STD caused by a parasite
  • Viruses. STDs caused by viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), the herpes simplex virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS”.6

Human Papillomavirus Virus

What is the human papillomavirus (HPV)?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Genital HPV Infection – Overview: What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) explain:

“HPV is the most common STI. There are many different types of HPV. While most do not cause any health problems, some types can cause genital warts and cancers. Vaccines can stop these health problems from happening. HPV is a different virus than HIV and HSV (herpes)”.7

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts, dated 21 May 2024, the WHO note:


  • “Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311 000 cervical cancer deaths each year”.8

Common or Not

How common are STIs?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts, dated 21 May 2024, the WHO note:

  • “More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15–49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic”.9

Risk

Who can catch an STI?

In Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How To Have Safer Sex the JH explain:

“Practising safer sex can reduce your risk of getting an STI. Anyone can catch an STI. You can’t tell if a sexual partner has an STI. A strong and healthy person may still be infected. Some people may not even know they have an STI.

It’s important to communicate openly and agree on protection before you have sex”.10

Oral Sex

Does oral sex reduce the risk of getting an STI?

According to the JH:

“Note that oral sex doesn’t reduce the risk of getting an STI. Common STIs such as herpes, gonorrhoea and chlamydia can all be transmitted through unprotected oral sex”.11

Perimenopause and Menopause

During perimenopause and following menopause, is it still possible to acquire STIs?

In Sexual Health: Practice Safe Sex the Menopause Society (formerly the North American Menopause Society) note:


“Sexuality doesn’t—and shouldn’t—end with menopause. Still, even with advancing age, safe sex is critical. After menopause and without the risk of pregnancy, it’s easy to let protected sex slide. But anyone who is not in a long-term, monogamous relationship and has unprotected sex is at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). You need to be aware of the many infections you can get and take the necessary precautions. Postmenopausal women are especially vulnerable to STIs because having fragile vulvar tissues can allow these viruses to enter the body more easily”.12

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Changes Associated With Menopause the WHO explain:

“During perimenopause and following menopause, it is still possible to acquire sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, through unprotected sexual contact, including oral, anal and vaginal sex. The thinning of the vaginal wall after menopause increases the chances of lesions and tears, thereby increasing the risk of HIV transmission during vaginal sex”.13

Safer Sex

What is safer sex?

DotS the definition of safer sex may vary. In Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Safer Sex the JH’s definition includes:

“Safer sex is not just about protection from unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It’s also about making sure everyone involved feels safe and respected.

Communication is an important part of safer sex. Whether you’re in a long-term relationship or an open relationship with multiple partners, it’s important to talk about consent, contraception and sexual preferences before you have sex. This is also a good time talk about things like boundaries and STIs”.14

Female Condom

What is a female condom?

DotS the definition of a female condom may vary. In Contraception: Coitally-Dependent Barrier Methods — (c) Female Condom the Australasian Menopause Society explain:

“The female condom is a polyurethane sheath inserted into the vagina prior to intercourse. It is less commonly used than other forms of contraception. They are more expensive than male condoms and have a slightly higher failure rate. They can be purchased online at family planning clinics and also at some pharmacies”.15

In Internal Female Condoms the (United Kingdom) NHS also explain what female condoms are.

Testing

Where may STIs testing be available?

DotC (Depending on the Country) STIs testing may be available from your health care provider or your country’s equivalent of a:

  • Family Planning Center/Clinic
  • Genitourinary Medicine Center/Clinic
  • Sexual Health Center/Clinic
  • Women’s Community Health Center/Clinic
  • Women’s Contraceptive Center/Clinic
  • Women’s Health Center/Clinic

Pap Test

Does a Pap test screen for STIs?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections: Does A Pap Test Screen for STIs? Womenshealth.gov explain:

“No. Pap testing is mainly used to look for cell changes that could be cancer or precancer. However, your doctor may test you for HPV in addition to doing the Pap test if you are older than 30.

If you want to be tested for STIs, you must ask your doctor or nurse”.16

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help with safer sex and/or female condoms?

If you would like help with safer sex and/or female condoms it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): What To Do If You Have An STI the JH also explains:

“If you are diagnosed with an STI, it’s important to follow the treatment recommended by your doctor. Take the full course of medicines even if you start to feel better and symptoms disappear.

It’s also important to tell anyone you’ve recently had sexual contact with so they can be tested and treated too.

If you find this hard, the following websites have tips on how to tell your partner and ways you can send an SMS or text without them knowing it’s from you:

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Sexually Transmitted Infections?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Sexually Transmitted Infections?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Sexual Health: Practice Safe Sex. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/patient-education/menopause-topics/sexual-health Accessed: 14 February 2025
  2. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Page Last Updated: 23 December 2024. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections Accessed: 14 February 2025
  3. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually Transmissible Infections (STIs). Last Updated: 14 January 2025 | Last Revised: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 February 2025
  4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Summary – What Are Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)? Last Updated: 26 June 2024. MedlinePlus https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Accessed: 14 February 2025
  5. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Overview. 21 May 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 February 2025
  6. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Symptoms & Causes – Causes. 08 September 2023. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240 Accessed: 14 February 2025
  7. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Genital HPV Infection – Overview: What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? 31 January 2025. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html Accessed: 14 February 2025
  8. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts. 21 May 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 February 2025
  9. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts. 21 May 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 February 2025
  10. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How to Have Safer Sex. Last Updated: 14 January 2025 | Last Reviewed: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 February 2025
  11. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How To Have Safer Sex. Last Updated: 14 January 2025 | Last Reviewed: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis Accessed: 14 February 2025
  12. Sexual Health: Practice Safe Sex. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/patient-education/menopause-topics/sexual-health Accessed: 14 February 2025
  13. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Changes Associated With Menopause. 21 May 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 February 2025
  14. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Safer Sex. Last Updated: 14 January 2025 | Last Revised: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 February 2025
  15. Contraception. Coitally-Dependent Barrier Methods — (c) Female Condom. Content Updated: July 2022. Australasian Menopause Society’s https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/280-contraception Accessed: 14 February 2025
  16. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Does A Pap Test Screen for STIs? Page Last Updated: 23 December 2024. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections Accessed: 14 February 2025
  17. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): What To Do If You Have An STI. Last Updated: 03 June 2024 | Last Reviewed: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 14 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 February 2025

“Most women become menopausal naturally
between the ages of 45 and 55 years,
with the average age of onset at around 51 years”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause Evidence-Based Information Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Early Menopause
  • Induced Menopause
  • Menopause
  • Perimenopause
  • Premature Menopause
  • Surgical Menopause

Menopause

What is menopause?

DotS the definition of menopause may vary. In Menopause: How Menopause Occurs, dated 16 October 2024, the World Health Organization’s definition is:

“Natural menopause is deemed to have occurred after 12 consecutive months without menstruation for which there is no other obvious physiological or pathological cause and in the absence of clinical intervention”.2

Menopause Age

What is the average age of menopause?

In What Is Menopause? Definition of Menopause the Australasian Menopause Society explain:

“Most women become menopausal naturally between the ages of 45 and 55 years, with the average age of onset at around 51 years. Surgical menopause refers to menopause as a result of bilateral oophorectomy. Premature menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency may occur before the age of 40 due to natural ovarian function ceasing, following surgery to remove the ovaries, or as a result of chemo/ radiotherapy. Menopause is considered “early” when it occurs between 40 and 45 years”.3

Menopause Symptoms

What are some menopause symptoms?

In Symptoms of Menopause: Physical and Emotional Symptoms the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) elaborate on:

“Physical Symptoms

Physical symptoms may include:

  • Irregular periods
  • Hot Flushes
  • Night sweats
  • Sleep problems
  • Sore breasts
  • Itchy, crawly or dry skin
  • Menopause Evidence-Based InformationExhaustion and fatigue
  • Dry vagina
  • Loss of sex drive (libido)
  • Headaches or migraines
  • More pronounced premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
  • Aches and pains
  • Bloating
  • Urinary problems
  • Weight gain due to a slower metabolism


Psychological and Emotional Symptoms

Psychological and emotional symptoms may include:

  • Feeling irritable or frustrated
  • Feeling anxious
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Brain fog
  • Forgetfulness
  • Lowered mood
  • Mood swings
  • Feeling you can’t cope as well as you used to”.4

Menopause Symptoms Duration

What is the average duration of menopause symptoms?

On page one and two in Optimising the Menopause Transition: Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, the authors note:

“It is estimated that menopausal symptoms affect more than 75% of women, with over 25% of women describing severe symptoms. Furthermore, menopausal symptoms may last for a long time with an average duration of 7 years, with a third of women experiencing symptoms beyond 7 years”.5

Healthy Lifestyle

Can a healthy lifestyle improve menopause symptoms?

In the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

  • “Women should be advised that implementing or maintaining a healthy lifestyle can improve menopause symptoms. A healthy diet (one low in saturated fat and salt and rich in calcium and vitamin D), stopping smoking, reducing alcohol intake and including regular exercise can be beneficial. Reducing caffeine intake may also improve symptoms”.6

Treatments

What treatments are available?

On page one in Emotional Wellness In Menopause: What Treatments Are Available? the (British) Women’s Health Concern elaborate on:

“There is no one size fits all for women when it comes to managing physical or psychological symptoms of menopause, but a variety of treatments are available.

  • Anti-depressants can help with emotional and cognitive symptoms of the menopause. However, unless you have been diagnosed with depression, there are other treatments which may be more helpful and appropriate
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) can help with many cognitive and emotional symptoms of menopause. HRT can also help improve quality of sleep. It’s useful to keep a record of symptoms to discuss with your HRT prescriber as this will help identify the best HRT regime for you
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other talking therapies can be hugely beneficial in dealing with some of the emotional symptoms of menopause. Even women who have never used therapies before and them helpful to navigate their menopause journey
  • Mindfulness and meditation are popular techniques to help relax and clear the mind – a very useful addition to managing some of the emotional and cognitive symptoms of menopause. Alongside restorative exercise such as yoga and Pilates, both body and mind can recover and heal”.7

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help with my menopause?

If you would like help with your menopause, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In What Is Menopause? When To See Your Doctor the JH explain:

“Talk to your doctor if you are worried about:

  • Irregular periods
  • Heavy bleeding
  • Bleeding after menopause
  • Increased premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms
  • Menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes, that interfere with your daily life”.8

In Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment the (United States) Mayo Clinic encourage us to seek help:

“Before deciding on any form of treatment, talk with your healthcare professional about your choices and the risks and benefits of each. Review your choices yearly. Your needs and the treatment choices may change”.9

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause Evidence-Based Information?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause Evidence-Based Information?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. What Is Menopause? Definition of Menopause. Content Created  May 2022. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/185-what-is-menopause Accessed: 14 February 2025
  2. Menopause: How Menopause Occurs. 16 October 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause Accessed: 14 February 2025
  3. What Is Menopause? Definition of Menopause. Content Created  May 2022. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/185-what-is-menopause Accessed: 14 February 2025
  4. Symptoms of Menopause: Physical and Emotional Symptoms. Last Updated: 02 December 2024. Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms#physical-and-emotional-symptoms Accessed: 14 February 2025
  5. Hamoda, H, Mukherjee, A, Morris, E, Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P, Moger, S. Optimising the Menopause Transition: Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:1-2 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20533691221104882 Accessed: 14 February 2025
  6. Hamoda, H, Mukherjee, A, Morris, E, Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P, Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:3-4. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 14 February 2025
  7. Emotional Wellness In Menopause: What Treatments Are Available? Published Date: June 2023:1. Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/30-WHC-FACTSHEET-Emotional-wellness-in-menopause-JUNE2023-A.pdf Accessed: 14 February 2025
  8. What Is Menopause? When To See Your Doctor. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 14 February 2025
  9. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment. 07 August 2024. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353401 Accessed: 14 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 14 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 February 2025

“Women who smoke generally reach menopause
earlier than non-smokers.
They are also more likely to experience early menopause”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause and Smoking Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Effect of Smoking on Menopause Age
  • Menopause and Smoking

Early MenopauseMenopause and Smoking

Is there an association between early menopause and smoking?

In Smoking’s Impact on Women’s Health: Smoking and Women’s Health – Reproductive Issues the (United States) Smokefreewomen include:

“Women who smoke are more likely than women who don’t smoke to:

  • Have more irregular or painful periods
  • Have low estrogen levels, which can lead to mood swings, fatigue, and vaginal dryness
  • Go through menopause at a younger age, and have worse symptoms…”.2

In Looking After Yourself During Menopause: Smoking and Other Drugs the (Australia) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

“Women who smoke generally reach menopause earlier than non-smokers. They are also more likely to experience early menopause”.3

Hot Flushes

Is there an association between menopausal hot flushes and smoking?

In Looking After Yourself: Smoking and Other Drugs the JH note:

Menopause and Smoking“Women who smoke also have more severe and frequent hot flushes and night sweats, and difficulty sleeping”.4

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and smoking?

Yes. In Health Effects: Stomach and Hormones – Lower Estrogen Levels Smokefreewomen explain:

“Smoking lowers a female’s level of estrogen. Low estrogen levels can cause dry skin, thinning hair, and memory problems. Women who smoke have a harder time getting pregnant and having a healthy baby. Smoking can also lead to early menopause, which increases your risk of developing certain diseases (like heart disease)”.5

Bigger Belly

Is there an association between a bigger belly and smoking?

Yes. In Health Effects: Stomach and Hormones – Belly Smokefreewomen explain:

“Smokers have bigger bellies and less muscle than non-smokers. They are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, even if they don’t smoke every day. Smoking also makes it harder to control diabetes once you already have it. Diabetes is a serious disease that can lead to blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputations”.6

Weight Gain

What if I would like to quit smoking but I am worried about putting on weight?

If you would like to quit smoking but you are worried about putting on weight, your Country may have information similar to the (United States) Cleveland Clinic’s How To Quit Smoking Without Putting on Weight.

Cancer

What is the association between cancer and smoking?

In Tobacco and Cancer: Overview the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention explain:

“If you were asked to describe the relationship between tobacco and cancer, you might think of lung cancer. It’s true that smoking tobacco products (including cigarettes and cigars) causes almost 9 of every 10 cases of lung cancer. But tobacco use can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body, including in the:

  • Bladder
  • Menopause and SmokingBlood (acute myeloid leukemia)
  • Cervix
  • Colon and rectum
  • Esophagus
  • Kidney and renal pelvis
  • Liver
  • Lungs, bronchi, and trachea
  • Mouth and throat
  • Pancreas
  • Stomach
  • Voice box (larynx)”.7

Quit Smoking Guide

Where may I find a quit smoking guide?

Your Country may have a quit smoking guide similar to Smokefreewomen’s Quit Smoking, the NHS’s Quit Smoking or Australia’s Quit website.

Quit Smoking Apps

Where may I find a quit smoking app?

Your Country may have a quit smoking app similar to Smokefreewomen’s Smokefree Apps and the NHS Quit Smoking: NHS Quit Smoking App.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause and Smoking?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause and Smoking?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Looking After Yourself During Menopause: Smoking and Other Drugs. Last Updated: 20 September 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/looking-after-yourself#smoking-and-other-drugs Accessed: 14 February 2025
  2. Smoking’s Impact on Women’s Health: Smoking and Women’s Health – Reproductive Issues. Smokefreewomen https://women.smokefree.gov/quit-smoking/what-women-should-know/smokings-impact-on-women Accessed: 14 February 2025
  3. Looking After Yourself During Menopause: Smoking and Other Drugs. Last Updated: 20 September 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/looking-after-yourself#smoking-and-other-drugs Accessed: 14 February 2025
  4. Looking After Yourself During Menopause: Smoking and Other Drugs. Last Updated: 20 September 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/looking-after-yourself#smoking-and-other-drugs Accessed: 14 February 2025
  5. Health Effects: Stomach and Hormones – Lower Estrogen Levels. Smokefreewomen https://smokefree.gov/quit-smoking/why-you-should-quit/health-effects Accessed: 14 February 2025
  6. Health Effects: Stomach and Hormones – Belly. Smokefreewomen https://smokefree.gov/quit-smoking/why-you-should-quit/health-effects Accessed: 14 February 2025
  7. Tobacco and Cancer. 08 November 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/risk-factors/tobacco.html Accessed: 14 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 14 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 February 2025

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart
disease than men. However, as women age
and their oestrogen levels fall, their risk of…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Cardiovascular Conditions
  • Cardiovascular Disease/s (CVD/CVDs)
  • Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Diseases/Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • Diseases/Disorders of the Heart and Circulatory System
  • Heart Disease/s
  • Heart and Circulatory Disease
  • Stroke

Cardiovascular Diseases

What are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)?

DotS the definition of CVDs may vary. In Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): What Are Cardiovascular Diseases? the World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition is:

“Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and they include:

  • Coronary heart disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
  • Cerebrovascular disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
  • Peripheral arterial disease – a disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
  • Rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
  • Congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart caused by malformations of the heart structure from birth; and
  • Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs”.2

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and CVD risk?

The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) note:

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart disease than men. However, as women age and their oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease increases”.3

Menopause and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

What are menopause and CVD risk factors?

In What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the JH note:

“After menopause, risk factors for heart disease increase. These include:

  • High blood pressure
  • An increase in total cholesterol
  • An increase in LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol)
  • A decrease in HDL (‘good’ cholesterol)
  • An increase in blood fats, such as triglycerides”.4

In Menopause and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Does Menopause Increase A Woman’s Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke? the American Heart Association’s Go Red for Women elaborate on:

“Cardiovascular risk factors that every woman should know about include:

  • Age at the time of menopause. Women who reach menopause before age 45 have a significantly higher risk of coronary heart disease…
  • The cause and timing of menopause. Menopause caused by surgical removal of both ovaries at an early age can lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease…
  • Estrogen. Levels of estrogen, which helps keep blood vessels relaxed and open, start to decline markedly as menopause approaches…
  • Hot flashes and night sweats. Hot flashes and night sweats are the most common menopause-related symptoms and can last up to 10 years….
  • Depression and sleep problems. In some studies, depression and sleep disturbances were linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
  • Increased visceral fat. This type of fat, in the abdominal cavity near vital organs, is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
  • Cholesterol levels and metabolic syndrome risk. These cardiovascular risk factors appear to increase with menopause beyond the effects of normal aging…”.5

Prevention

Is CVD preventable?

In What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the JH note:

“You can reduce the risk of heart disease by having a healthy lifestyle.
For example:

  • Eat a healthy and nutritious diet
  • Do regular exercise
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Don’t smoke
  • Limit alcohol intake”.6

Know Your Numbers

What numbers do women (and men) need to know?

In Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life the (United States) Go Red for Women elaborate on:

“Talk to your healthcare provider today to learn about your Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Blood Sugar and BMI (Body Mass Index)”.8

Heart Check

What may a heart check include?

In What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the JH also note:

“You can also see your doctor for a heart check. They will take your blood pressure and test your blood to determine your risk factors. If you have a high risk of heart disease, your doctor may prescribe medication for high blood pressure and cholesterol”.9

WISEWOMAN Program

What is the (United States) WISEWOMAN program?

Your Country may have a program similar to the WISEWOMAN Program. In WISEWOMAN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): What Is the WISEWOMAN Program? the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) elaborate on:

“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) WISEWOMAN program is at the forefront of the nation’s efforts to achieve optimal cardiovascular health for persons 35-64 years old. The program focuses on women who are uninsured, underinsured, or have lower incomes”.10

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have CVD or I have a family history of CVD?

If you think you have CVD or you have a family history of CVD, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this

In Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Go Red for Women note:

“Talk to your health care team about your risk factors and how to prevent cardiovascular disease before, during and after menopause”.11

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 12 February 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 12 February 2025
  2. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): What Are Cardiovascular Diseases? 11 June 2021. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) Accessed: 12 February 2025
  3. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 12 February 2025
  4. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 12 February 2025
  5. Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Does Menopause Increase A Woman’s Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke? Last Reviewed: 12 September 2024. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/menopause/menopause-and-cardiovascular-risk Accessed: 12 February 2025
  6. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 12 February 2025
  7. Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/know-your-numbers Accessed: 12 February 2025
  8. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 December 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 12 February 2025
  9. WISEWOMAN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): What Is the WISEWOMAN Program? 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/php/faqs/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/faqs.htm Accessed: 12 February 2025
  10. Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Last Reviewed: 12 September 2024. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/menopause/menopause-and-cardiovascular-risk Accessed: 19 January 2025
Topic Last Updated: 12 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 February 2025

“When people talk about heart disease,
they’re usually talking about coronary heart disease (CHD).
It’s also sometimes called coronary artery disease (CAD)”.1

Umbrella

What may the Heart Disease Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Cardiac Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Heart Conditions
  • Heart Disease/s
  • Ischaemic/Ischemic Heart Disease

Terminology

Can heart disease mean different things to different people?

In Keep Your Heart Healthy – The Basics: What Is Heart Disease? the (United States) Healthfinder.gov explain:

“When people talk about heart disease, they’re usually talking about coronary heart disease (CHD). It’s also sometimes called coronary artery disease (CAD). This is the most common type of heart disease”.2

Heart Disease

What is heart disease?

DotS the definition of heart disease may vary. The (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition is:

“The term “heart disease” refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type of heart disease in the United States is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD affects the blood flow to the heart. Decreased blood flow can cause a heart attack”.3

Coronary Heart Disease

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

DotS the definition of CHD may vary. In Coronary Heart Disease the (United States) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI) definition is:

“Coronary heart disease is a type of heart disease that occurs when the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen -rich blood to the heart muscle due to narrowing from the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque . It is also sometimes called coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease”.4

Types

What are different types of heart disease?

DotS different types of heart disease may include:

  • Aneurysm
  • Angina
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Cerebral Vascular Disease
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Coronary Heart Disease
  • Heart Attack
  • Heart Failure
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Hypertension
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Pericardial Disease
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease
  • Rheumatic Disease
  • Sudden Death

Symptoms

What are symptoms of heart disease?

In Coronary Heart Disease: What Is Coronary Heart Disease? the NHLBI explain:

“Symptoms of coronary heart disease vary from person to person. About 1 in 20 adults aged 20 and older have coronary heart disease. But many people don’t know they have the disease until they have chest pain; the blood flow to their heart is blocked, causing a heart attack; or their heart suddenly stops pumping blood, also known as cardiac arrest”.5

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and heart disease?

Yes. In Menopause and Heart Disease the British Heart Foundation note:

“Before the menopause, women in general have a lower risk of being affected by coronary heart disease. But after the menopause, your risk increases”.6

Number One Killer

Is heart disease the number one killer of women?

Yes. In Heart Disease the the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov explain:

“Heart disease is the number one killer of women in the United States. Some of the symptoms and risk factors for heart disease and heart attack are different for women than men. Your risk may also be different from other women. But every woman can take steps to prevent heart disease by knowing her risk factors and making healthy changes”.7

Know Your Numbers

What numbers do I need to know for a healthy heart?

In Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life Go Red for Women elaborate on:

“Talk to your healthcare provider today to learn about your Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Blood Sugar and BMI (Body Mass Index). Your heart depends on it”.8

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have heart disease or I have a family history of heart disease?

If you think you have heart disease or you have a family history of heart disease, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Coronary Heart Disease: Diagnosis – Screening for Coronary Heart Disease the NHLBI explain:

“To screen for coronary heart disease, your provider may:

  • Assess your risk factors to help evaluate your chances of developing coronary heart disease
  • Calculate your body mass index and waist circumference to help determine whether you have overweight or obesity
  • Check your blood pressure to see whether you have high blood pressure, also called hypertension
  • Order blood tests to see whether you have high blood cholesterol, high blood triglycerides, or diabetes

Screening usually happens in a provider’s office, but sometimes screenings are offered at health fairs, drugstores, or other places. Blood samples might be collected at a provider’s office, hospital, or laboratory. Ask whether you need to fast (not eat or drink anything besides water) before the blood tests”.9

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Heart Disease?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Heart Disease?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted above?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Keep Your Heart Healthy – The Basics: What Is Heart Disease? Content Last Updated: 16 December 2024. Healthfinder.gov https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/topics/health-conditions/heart-health/keep-your-heart-healthy#panel-2 Accessed: 12 February 2025
  2. Keep Your Heart Healthy – The Basics: What Is Heart Disease? Content Last Updated: 16 August 2024. Healthfinder.gov https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/topics/health-conditions/heart-health/keep-your-heart-healthy#panel-2 Accessed: 12 February 2025
  3. Heart Disease: About Heart Disease – What Is Heart Disease? 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  4. Coronary Heart Disease: What Is Coronary Heart Disease? Last Updated: 23 December 2024. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/coronary-heart-disease Accessed: 12 February 2025
  5. Coronary Heart Disease: What Is Coronary Heart Disease? Last Updated: 20 December 2024. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/coronary-heart-disease Accessed: 12 February 2025
  6. Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease. Page Last Reviewed: 23 October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/living-with-a-heart-condition/menopause Accessed: 12 February 2025
  7. Heart Disease. Page Last Updated: 17 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/heart-disease-and-stroke/heart-disease Accessed: 12 February 2025
  8. Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life – Start By Knowing Your Numbers. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/know-your-numbers Accessed: 12 February 2025
  9. Coronary Heart Disease: Diagnosis – Screening for Coronary Heart Disease. Last Updated: 23 December 2024. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/diagnosis Accessed: 12 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 12 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 February 2025

“Keeping detailed records of headache episodes
can help provide additional insight about triggers
and how to avoid them”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause Headaches Pattern Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Menopausal/Menopause Headaches and Migraines Pattern
  • Perimenopausal/Perimenopause Headaches and Migraines Pattern

Periods

Is there a link with periods and migraine?

On page one in Migraine and HRT: What Is Likely To Happen To Migraine? the (British) Women’s Health Concern elaborate on:

“Migraine tends to worsen in the years leading up to the menopause, with attacks occurring more frequently and sometimes also lasting longer. Many women start to notice that the attacks are more likely to start a few days before or during their periods. These perimenstrual migraine attacks often last longer, are more severe, and are less responsive to treatment compared to attacks at other times of the cycle. Periods can become erratic and more frequent, which also means more migraine.

Following menopause, migraine becomes less of a problem, particularly in women who have noticed a strong link between migraine and hormonal triggers. It is not an immediate improvement as it takes a while after your last period for the hormones to settle”.2

Look for A Pattern

Menopause Headaches PatternHow may I Look for A Pattern with my headaches?

In Headache Diary and Monitoring Apps the (United States) National Headache Foundation (NHF) note:

“Keeping detailed records of headache episodes can help provide additional insight about triggers and how to avoid them”.3

In Keeping A Headache Diary: A General Guide To Recording Your Migraine Attacks? Why Keep A Headache Diary? the (United Kingdom) Migraine Trust elaborate on:

“A headache diary can include information on a range of things, however, it’s often best to keep it simple and record basic information. This can include:

  • Date
  • Day of week
  • Duration (how long the attack lasted)
  • Severity (how bad the attack was). This can either be recorded as mild, moderate or severe. Or on a scale from 1-10, where 10 is the worst pain you can imagine
  • Other symptoms you experience alongside the headache such as dizziness, vertigo, sensitivity to light, sound, smells or any symptoms that affect your movement (e.g. numbness)
  • Medication you take, including if you take a second dose
  • Anything else that may be helpful. Such as side effects from medication, any potential triggers, your period, any changes in medication, and anything else that may be helpful”.4

Headache Diary

Where may I find a headache diary?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Headaches TriggersMenopause Headaches Pattern

What are some primary headache triggers?

In Headaches: Overview – What Are the Types of Headache? Primary Headaches the (United States) Cleveland Clinic elaborate on:

“Some primary headaches can be triggered by lifestyle factors or situations, including:

  • Alcohol, particularly red wine
  • Certain foods, such as processed meats that contain nitrates (food-triggered headaches)
  • Consuming nicotine (nicotine headache)
  • Changes in sleep or lack of sleep
  • Poor posture
  • Physical activity, such as exercise (exertion headaches)
  • Skipped meals (hunger headache)
  • Coughing, sneezing, blowing your nose, straining (such as when having a bowel movement), or laughing or crying vigorously (primary cough headaches)”.5

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help to look for a pattern with my headaches?

If you would like help to look for a pattern with your headaches, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can identify any patterns, discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.

In Headache Diary: Keeping A Diary Can Help Your Doctor Help You the NHF explain:

“It is important to make an appointment with your doctor for the specific purpose of addressing your headache history rather than discussing headaches as part of a physician visit for other reasons. The National Headache Foundation also recommends keeping a headache diary to track the characteristics of your headaches. Patterns identified from your diary may help your doctor determine which type of headache you have and the most beneficial treatments”.6

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause Headaches Pattern?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause Headaches Pattern?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Headache Diary and Monitoring Apps. National Headache Foundation https://headaches.org/resources/headache-diary-keeping-a-diary-can-help-your-doctor-help-you/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  2. Migraine and HRT: What Is Likely To Happen To Migraine? Reviewed: November 2023:1. Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/migraine-and-hrt/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  3. Headache Diary and Monitoring Apps. National Headache Foundation https://headaches.org/resources/headache-diary-keeping-a-diary-can-help-your-doctor-help-you/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  4. Keeping A Headache Diary: A General Guide To Recording Your Migraine Attacks? Why Keep A Headache Diary? Migraine Trust https://www.migrainetrust.org/living-with-migraine/coping-managing/keeping-a-migraine-diary/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  5. Headaches: Overview – What Are the Types of Headache? Primary Headaches. Last Updated: 29 August 2022. Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9639-headaches Accessed: 12 February 2025
  6. Headache Diary and Monitoring App. National Headache Foundation https://headaches.org/resources/headache-diary-keeping-a-diary-can-help-your-doctor-help-you/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 12 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 February 2025

If you think your computer is being monitored,
it may be in your best interest to choose to
close this topic immediately.Meno Martha

Umbrella

What may the Violence Against Women and Computer Safety Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Computer Monitoring
  • Computer Safety
  • Internet Safety
  • Internet Usage Monitoring
  • Online Abuse
  • Online Safety
  • World Wide Web Safety
  • iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch Safety

Technology Monitoring

Can technology be monitored?

In Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected. the (United States) National Domestic Violence Hotline (NDVH) elaborate on:

“Technology and the Internet are powerful tools for anyone experiencing domestic violence. They can be essential resources to access help and information, and valuable platforms to connect with friends, family members, advocates, and service providers.

Unfortunately, they can also be used by abusive partners to begin, continue, or escalate abuse, making it all the more important to ensure your safety online”.1

Computer Safety

Can computers be monitored?

Halfway down the page Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected the NDVH explain:

Violence Against Women and Computer SafetyInternet Safety

Computers store information about the websites you visit. That means bills you pay and purchases you make are tracked, and messages or emails can be retrieved. You should always consider that a computer might be monitored when you use it and be careful with what you send others or post”.2

In the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov’s section Relationships and Safety, their Warning includes:

“Anyone with access to your phone or computer can check which websites you visit. It’s not possible to clear your Internet history completely from your computer or phone. It may be safer to use a public computer, such as at a library, or a friend’s phone”.3

Security Alert

Can some violence against women websites include a security alert?

On the Home Page of the (United States) National Domestic Violence Hotline website, you may receive:

Different Differences

Can different countries have different National Domestic Violence hotline/helpline numbers to call?

Yes. It is important to note different countries can have different National Domestic Violence hotline/helpline numbers to call. It may therefore be in your best interest to choose to check what the number is for you in your country.

Escape

Can some violence against women website pages include a colored “Escape” or “Leave this site safely” notification?

In the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov’s section Relationships and Safety: Escape, topics may include an escape button on the left side of the page which instructs:

Violence Against Women and Computer Safety

Pages on the National Domestic Violence Hotline website, may include:

Violence Against Women and Computer Safety

Emails

Can emails be monitored?

Halfway down the page titled Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected. the NDVH elaborate on:

Email Safety

“Email can be a useful way to keep in touch with trusted friends and family members who may be aware of your situation. An abusive partner is likely to know this and may have access to your email account without your knowledge. To be safe, open an account your partner doesn’t know about on a safe computer and use that email for safety planning and sensitive communications”.4

Cell Phones

Can cell phones be monitored?

Halfway down the page titled Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected. the NDVH explain:

Cell Phone Safety

“If you’re in an abusive relationship, consider purchasing a pay-as-you-go phone and keep it in a safe place for private calls. Use a password on your phone and update it regularly. If you are concerned that your partner may be secretly monitoring your phone, consider taking it into a cell phone service center to check for any spyware that may be downloaded”.5

E Safety Women

What is eSafetywomen?

Your Country may have the equivalent of (Australia’s) eSafetywomen which empowers women to take control online.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Violence Against Women and Computer Safety?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Violence Against Women and Computer Safety?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/plan-for-safety/internet-safety/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  2. Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected – Internet. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/plan-for-safety/internet-safety/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  3. Relationships and Safety. page Last Updated: 15 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety Accessed: 12 February 2025
  4. Internet Safety: Stay Safe. Stay Connected – Email. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/plan-for-safety/internet-safety/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
  5. Internet Safety: Stay Safe, Stay Connected – Cell Phone Safety. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/help/tech-social-media-safety/ Accessed: 12 February 2025
Topic Last Updated: 12 February 2025 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 February 2025