Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer

“The level of increased breast cancer risk
with MHT use varies,
according to which data is analysed”.1

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Breast Cancer
  • Cancer of the Breast
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

Different Differences

What is it important to understand about hormone therapy and breast cancer risk?

On page three Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer dated 07 April 2020, the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

  • “The level of increased breast cancer risk with MHT use varies, according to which data is analysed. It is not possible to estimate an overall absolute risk of breast cancer by combining and examining all the available MHT research. Research studies may look at different types of MHT, different doses, different ages of women, different age of treatment initiation, different duration of use of MHT. All these factors may influence risk”.2

Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and… Meta-Analysis

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerHormone Therapy and Breast CancerWhat has feedback about Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence, published in the Lancet on 29 August 2019, included?

On page one in The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” the International Menopause Society (IMS) elaborate on:

“Is there new information that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) substantially increases breast cancer risk as suggested by a paper published in the Lancet this month and should women be worried?

  • Much of the information regarding breast cancer risk and MHT reported in this paper is not new…
  • It is important to note that, because of when the data included in this report was collected, most of the MHT regimes were different from those used today
  • This paper provides an important public health message about obesity and breast cancer risk…”.3

What do the IMS recommend?

On page two in The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” the IMS explain:

“Recommendations From the IMS

Women enter menopause across a range of ages, with diverse symptoms and health risk profiles. The International Menopause Society advocates the comprehensive assessment of women, including attention to modifying risk factors for chronic disease such as being overweight or obese, the importance of which have been highlighted in this Lancet paper. The benefits and risks of MHT differ according to the timing of menopause such that individualisation of therapy is essential. As prescribing practices have changed significantly over the last decade, further research is needed to determine the impact of currently recommended regimens”.4

In Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report the JH elaborate on:

“Australian menopause experts are urging women to talk to their doctor about their use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) if they have concerns following today’s publication of a large study linking MHT to an increased risk of breast cancer”.5

Revised Global Consensus Statement

What are some points of consensus about menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and breast cancer risk?

Some points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT – endorsed by seven menopause-related organizations – published online 20 June 2016, are:

  • “The risk of breast cancer in women over 50 years of age associated with MHT is a complex issue with decreased risk reported from RCTs for estrogen alone (CE in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)) in women with hysterectomy and a possible increased risk when combined with a progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate in the WHI) in women without hysterectomy. The increased risk of breast cancer thus seems to be primarily, but not exclusively, associated with the use of a progestin with estrogen therapy in women without hysterectomy and may be related to the duration of use
  • The risk of breast cancer attributable to MHT is rare. It equates to an incidence of <1.0 per 1000 women per year of use. This is similar or lower than the increased risk associated with common factors such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity and alcohol consumption. The risk may decrease after treatment is stopped, but data are inconsistent”.6

What is RCTs?

RCTs can be an abbreviation for Randomized Controlled Trials.

NICE Guideline

What do the (British) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines note about HRT and breast cancer risk?

In Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT last updated 15 December 2019, the NICE note:

“Studies show that for women around menopausal age:

  • Oestrogen only HRT causes little or no change in the risk of breast cancer
  • HRT that contains oestrogen and progestogen may increase breast cancer risk. This risk may be higher if you take HRT for longer but falls again when you stop taking HRT”.7

Breast Cancer Risk

What else is known about HT and breast cancer risk?

In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT the JH elaborate on:

“For otherwise healthy women, taking MHT for 2-5 years to relieve menopausal symptoms causes little if any increase in breast cancer risk”.8

In Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer the (United Kingdom) Cancer Research UK elaborate on:

“Taking HRT for 1 year or less only slightly increases breast cancer risk. However, the longer you take HRT the greater the risks are, and the longer they last.

The risk of breast cancer due to HRT can also vary from person to person. Things such as what age you are when you first start taking HRT, other medicines you may be taking, and your general health can impact the risk.

People who begin HRT before or soon after the menopause may have a bigger risk than those who start HRT later”.9

Uterus

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerIf a woman has a uterus and chooses to use estrogen plus progestogen therapy, what is her breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks published in June 2017, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) explain:

“Hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen) might slightly increase your risk of breast cancer if used for more than 4 to 5 years”.10

No Uterus

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerIf a woman does not have a uterus and chooses to use estrogen therapy, what is her breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks published in June 2017, the NAMS note:

“Using estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) does not increase breast cancer risk at 7 years but may increase risk if used for a longer time”.11

Risk Comparison

What puts a woman at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than taking HRT?

In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT: Chance of Developing Breast Cancer In A Given Year the JH elaborate on:

“The following factors put you at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than taking MHT:

  • Having more than two standard alcoholic drinks per day
  • Being overweight or obese
  • Having your first child over the age of 35
  • Having your menopause in your late 50s

This risk should also be seen within the context of the benefits of MHT; taking MHT can significantly improve a woman’s quality of life and reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, colon cancer and possibly heart disease”.12 

In Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Should I Take HRT? Cancer Research UK note:

“It’s also important to remember that there are other things that affect cancer risk more than HRT. For example, you can reduce your cancer risk by stopping smoking, keeping a healthy weight, and drinking less alcohol”.13

Breast Cancer Screening

If a woman chooses to use HT, what is it important to note about breast cancer screening?

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks – Breast Cancer the (United Kingdom) NHS explain:

“Because of the risk of breast cancer, it’s especially important to attend all your breast cancer screening appointments if you’re taking HRT”.14

Breast Cancer Survivors

Can breast cancer survivors use HT?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT is:

  • “Current safety data do not support the use of systemic MHT in breast cancer survivors, although discussions, in selected women and in conjunction with each woman’s oncologist, may occur for compelling reasons after nonhormonal or complementary options have been unsuccessful”.15

In Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy dated 08 February 2022, the (United States) Breastcancer.org elaborate on:

“Research on menopausal hormone therapy will continue, as will the ongoing debate about benefits versus risks. At this point, HRT — whether in the form of combination HRT or estrogen-only HRT — is not recommended for women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. There isn’t enough data to know if it is safe in women at high risk of breast cancer, but it’s probably not a good idea”.16

Health Care Provider

If I choose to use HT what is my breast cancer risk?

Different women who choose to use HT can have different breast cancer risk. It may therefore be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT is:

  • “The option of MHT is an individual decision in terms of quality of life and health priorities as well as personal risk factors such as age, time since menopause and the risk of VTE, stroke, ischemic heart disease and breast cancer. MHT should not be recommended without a clear indication for its use”.17

The (United States) Mayo Clinic also note:

  • “See your doctor regularly to ensure that the benefits of hormone therapy continue to outweigh the risks, and for cancer screenings such as mammograms and pelvic exams”.18

The JH note:

“Research and best-practice guidelines suggest that menopausal women review their reasons to continue MHT (or not) with their doctor once per year, or more regularly if they have any concerns”.19

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics related to Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence, published in the Lancet on 29 August 2019?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

  1. BMJ Editorial: HRT and Breast Cancer Risk: We Must Prevent Another Setback In Women’s Health
  2. BMS, IMS, EMAS, RCOG and AMS Joint Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk In Response To EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee Recommendations In May 2020
  3. BMS Response To Lancet Paper on the Link Between Different Forms of HRT and Breast Cancer Incidence
  4. BMS Response To MHRA Recommendations
  5. Experts Debate New Analysis Concerning Breast Cancer Risk With Menopausal HT
  6. Experts Rip Into HRT-Cancer Study: From the Medical Republic – 9 September 2019
  7. Joint RCOG & BMS Statement In Response To the Lancet Study on HRT Use and Breast Cancer Risk
  8. MHT and Breast Cancer Risk
  9. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks
  10. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Regimens Have Opposite Lasting Effects on Breast Cancer Incidence
  11. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report
  12. Menopause Matters
  13. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT – Breast Cancer  [NICE Guideline]
  14. Response From MHRA/FOI
  15. Risks and Benefits of MHT/HRT
  16. The Breast Cancer and MHT Controversy [Video]
  17. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”
  18. Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence
  19. WHI Randomised Study Long Term Follow Up Results – December 2019: HRT and Breast Cancer
  20. We Don’t Know Menopausal Hormone Therapy Causes Breast Cancer, But the Evidence Continues To Suggest A Link
  21. Women’s Wellness: Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy Increase Risk of Breast Cancer?

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

  1. 20 Years of Data Lead To Changes In Perceptions, Usage of Menopausal HT
  2. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 2. Myth – Breast Cancer Is the Most Common Cause of Death In Postmenopausal Women
  3. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 3. Misunderstanding – One-Quarter of Women Who Take MHT Get Breast Cancer
  4. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 6. Myth – Complementary Medicines and Therapies Are As Effective As MHT and Safer
  5. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  6. Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy With Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials
  7. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
  8. Bioidentical Hormones Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  9. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  10. Breast Cancer
  11. Breast Cancer Risk Associated With HRT Increases With Longer Use, Finds Study
  12. Breast Cancer: Risk Factors
  13. Breastcancer.org
  14. Breastcancernow.org
  15. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopausal Symptoms
  16. Combined Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  17. Complementary Medicine Options for Menopausal Symptoms
  18. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  19. Complementary and Herbal Therapies for Hot Flushes
  20. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  21. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  22. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  23. EMAS Menopause Essentials
  24. EMAS Replay: Risk Assessment for MHT – When, To Whom, Which, and How Long? [Multiply Languages]
  25. EMAS Replay: The Relevance of Estrogen and Progestogen Choice for Breast Safety During MHT [Multiply Languages]
    Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer
  26. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Resources and Information: Quick Links – 1. Question Prompt List
  27. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Women’s Profiles
  28. Fast Facts: HRT and Breast Cancer Risk
  29. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  30. Find An AMS Doctor [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  31. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  32. HRT and Breast Cancer Statement In Response To EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee Recommendations In May 2020
  33. HRT and Breast Cancer: Overall Risks and Benefits Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  34. HRT and the Risk of Breast Cancer Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  35. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  36. HRT: The History
  37. Hormone Replacement Therapy
  38. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  39. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  40. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks
  41. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Types
  42. Hot Flashes: Manage Without Medication?
  43. Jean Hailes MHT Position Statement
  44. MHT Still Maligned & Misunderstood: Expert
  45. MHT and Breast Cancer Risk
  46. MHT and Breast Cancer – Risk Even Lower, Study Reports
  47. Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy
  48. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks
  49. Managing Menopausal Symptoms—Hormone Replacement Therapy Is Not the Only Option!
  50. Mayo Clinic Minute: Help With Hot Flashes Due To Menopause [+ Video]
  51. Mayo Clinic Minute: How Lifestyle Changes May Help Manage Menopause Symptoms [+ Video]
  52. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement
  53. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Regimens Have Opposite Lasting Effects on Breast Cancer Incidence
  54. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individualization Is the Key To Safety
  55. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cancer
  56. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk: Further Data From the Women’s Health Initiative Trials
  57. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer
  58. Menopause
  59. Menopause
  60. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report
  61. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Follow-Up Appointments?
  62. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Who Shouldn’t Take It?
  63. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Benefits & Risks of MHT
  64. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT
  65. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?
  66. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
    XHormone Therapy and Breast Cancer
  67. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  68. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  69. Menopause: Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT) Safe? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  70. Menopause: Medicines To Help You
  71. Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Treatments
  72. Menopause: Non-Hormonal Treatment & Relief for Hot Flashes
  73. Menopause: What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT)? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  74. NAMS 2017 Position Statement Updates Guidelines for Hormone Therapy Use
  75. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cancer In-Depth
  76. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth
  77. New Study Provides Clearer Picture on Breast Cancer Risk and HRT Use
  78. Oestrogen Only Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  79. Research Shows Some Types of HRT Are Linked To Lower Risks of Breast Cancer
  80. Research on Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  81. Risk of Breast Cancer With HRT Depends on Therapy Type and Duration
  82. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  83. The IMS Has Released A Statement: Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Risk of Breast Cancer
  84. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”
  85. The Menopause: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [+ Video: Is HRT Bad for You?]
  86. Types of Hormone Therapy
  87. Understanding Breast Cancer Risk
  88. Understanding Hormone Replacement Therapy
  89. Understanding the Risks of Breast Cancer
  90. Using HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy)
  91. Video Series-2021: Treatment Options for Vaginal Dryness and Urinary Issues
  92. Video Series-2021: What Women Need to Know About Hormone Therapies
  93. Video Series-2022: Hormone Therapy: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
  94. Video Series-2022: Understanding Screening Guidelines for Breast Cancer and the Importance of Identifying Risk Factors
  95. Videos and Podcasts: Interviews and Podcasts – Interviews: The Women’s Health Initiative – What Can We Believe?
  96. Webinars: Previous – Symposia: 2021 Vision: Practical Steps to Optimize Your Benefit-Risk. Discussions for A New Decade
  97. Webinars: Previous – Breast Cancer
  98. Webinars: Previous – The Early Menopausal Patient
  99. What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and Is It Safe?
  100. Women’s Wellness: Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy Increase Risk of Breast Cancer?

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer. 07 April 2020:3. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health. https://assets.jeanhailes.org.au/JH_position-statement_MHT.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  2. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer. 07 April 2020:3. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health. https://assets.jeanhailes.org.au/JH_position-statement_MHT.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  3. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”. 29 August 2019:1. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ims-press-statement-2019-08-29-english.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  4. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”. 29 August 2019:2. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ims-press-statement-2019-08-29-english.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  5. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report. 30 August 2019. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/news/menopause-experts-dismiss-breast-cancer-claims-of-new-report Accessed: 06 March 2022
  6. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  7. Menopause Diagnosis and Management: Information for the Public – Benefits and Risks of HRT: Breast Cancer. Published Date: 12 November 2015. Last Updated: 05 December 2019. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/ifp/chapter/Benefits-and-risks-of-HRT Accessed: 06 March 2022
  8. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT. Last Updated: 13 July 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 06 March 2022
  9. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Last Reviewed: 09 March 2021. Cancer Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk#breast Accessed: 06 March 2022
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  11. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  12. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT: Chance of Developing Breast Cancer In A Given Year. Last Updated: 13 July 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 06 March 2022
  13. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Should I Take HRT? Last Reviewed: 09 March 2021. Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk#breast Accessed: 06 March 2022
  14. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks – Breast Cancer. Page Last Reviewed: 09 September 2019. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/risks/#breast-cancer Accessed: 06 March 2022
  15. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  16. Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy. Last Updated: 08 February 2022. Breastcancer.org https://www.breastcancer.org/tips/menopausal/hrt/decisions Accessed: 06 March 2022
  17. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 06 March 2022
  18. Menopause Hormone Therapy and Your Heart: How To Limit the Risks. 20 May 2021. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/in-depth/hormone-replacement-therapy/art-20047550 Accessed: 06 March 2022
  19. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT. Last Updated: 13 July 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 06 March 2022

Topic Last Updated: 17 May 2022 – Topic Last Reviewed: 06 March 2022
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