Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer

“The level of increased breast cancer risk with MHT use varies, according to which data is analysed”.1

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Breast Cancer
  • Cancer of the Breast
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

Different Differences

What is it important to understand about hormone therapy and breast cancer risk?

On page three Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer dated 07 April 2020, the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

  • “The level of increased breast cancer risk with MHT use varies, according to which data is analysed. It is not possible to estimate an overall absolute risk of breast cancer by combining and examining all the available MHT research. Research studies may look at different types of MHT, different doses, different ages of women, different age of treatment initiation, different duration of use of MHT. All these factors may influence risk”.2

Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and… Meta-Analysis

Meno MarthaMeno MarthaWhat has feedback about Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence, published in the Lancet on 29 August 2019, included?

On page one in The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” the International Menopause Society (IMS) elaborate on:

“Is there new information that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) substantially increases breast cancer risk as suggested by a paper published in the Lancet this month and should women be worried?

  • Much of the information regarding breast cancer risk and MHT reported in this paper is not new…
  • It is important to note that, because of when the data included in this report was collected, most of the MHT regimes were different from those used today
  • This paper provides an important public health message about obesity and breast cancer risk…”.3

What do the IMS recommend?

On page two in The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” the IMS explain:

“Recommendations From the IMS

Women enter menopause across a range of ages, with diverse symptoms and health risk profiles. The International Menopause Society advocates the comprehensive assessment of women, including attention to modifying risk factors for chronic disease such as being overweight or obese, the importance of which have been highlighted in this Lancet paper. The benefits and risks of MHT differ according to the timing of menopause such that individualisation of therapy is essential. As prescribing practices have changed significantly over the last decade, further research is needed to determine the impact of currently recommended regimens”.4

In Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report the JH elaborate on:

“Australian menopause experts are urging women to talk to their doctor about their use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) if they have concerns following today’s publication of a large study linking MHT to an increased risk of breast cancer”.5

Where may I find Links related to Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence, published in the Lancet on 29 August 2019?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

  1. BMJ Editorial: HRT and Breast Cancer Risk: We Must Prevent Another Setback In Women’s Health [14 October 2019] [British Medical Journal]
  2. BMS Response To Lancet Paper on the Link Between Different Forms of HRT and Breast Cancer Incidence [30 August 2019]
  3. BMS Response To MHRA Recommendations [09 September 2019]
  4. Experts Debate New Analysis Concerning Breast Cancer Risk With Menopausal HT [06 September 2019]
  5. Experts Rip Into HRT-Cancer Study: From the Medical Republic – 9 September 2019
  6. HRT and Breast Cancer Statement In Response To EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee Recommendations In May 2020 [14 September 2020]
  7. Joint RCOG & BMS Statement In Response To the Lancet Study on HRT Use and Breast Cancer Risk [30 August 2019]
  8. MHT and Breast Cancer Risk
  9. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks [18 November 2019]
  10. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Regimens Have Opposite Lasting Effects on Breast Cancer Incidence [13 December 2019]
  11. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report [30 August 2019]
  12. Menopause Matters [September 2019]
  13. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT – Breast Cancer [05 December 2019] [NICE Guideline]
  14. Resources / Podcasts: Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [21 October 2019]
  15. Resources / Webinar: The Breast Cancer and MHT Controversy – An Expert Panel Separates Fact From Fiction [15 November 2019]
  16. Response From MHRA/FOI [25 October 2019]
  17. Risks and Benefits of MHT/HRT [May 2019]
  18. Study Suggests HRT Carries Higher Risk of Breast Cancer Than Thought [03 September 2019]
  19. The Breast Cancer and MHT Controversy [Video]
  20. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” [29 August 2019]
  21. Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence [29 August 2019]
  22. We Don’t Know Menopausal Hormone Therapy Causes Breast Cancer, But the Evidence Continues To Suggest A Link [03 September 2019]
  23. Women’s Wellness: Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy Increase Risk of Breast Cancer? [30 August 2019]

Revised Global Consensus Statement

What are some points of consensus about menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and breast cancer risk?

Some points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT – endorsed by seven menopause-related organizations – published online 20 June 2016, are:

  • “The risk of breast cancer in women over 50 years of age associated with MHT is a complex issue with decreased risk reported from RCTs for estrogen alone (CE in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)) in women with hysterectomy and a possible increased risk when combined with a progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate in the WHI) in women without hysterectomy. The increased risk of breast cancer thus seems to be primarily, but not exclusively, associated with the use of a progestin with estrogen therapy in women without hysterectomy and may be related to the duration of use
  • The risk of breast cancer attributable to MHT is rare. It equates to an incidence of <1.0 per 1000 women per year of use. This is similar or lower than the increased risk associated with common factors such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity and alcohol consumption. The risk may decrease after treatment is stopped, but data are inconsistent”.6

What is RCTs?

RCTs can be an abbreviation for Randomized Controlled Trials.

NICE Guideline

What do the (British) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines note about HRT and breast cancer risk?

In Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT last updated 15 December 2019, the NICE note:

“Studies show that for women around menopausal age:

  • Oestrogen only HRT causes little or no change in the risk of breast cancer
  • HRT that contains oestrogen and progestogen may increase breast cancer risk. This risk may be higher if you take HRT for longer but falls again when you stop taking HRT”.7

Breast Cancer Risk

What else is known about HT and breast cancer risk?

In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT the JH elaborate on:

“For otherwise healthy women, taking MHT for 2-5 years to relieve menopausal symptoms causes little if any increase in breast cancer risk”.8

In Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer, last reviewed 27 February 2019, Cancer Research UK (United Kingdom) elaborate on:

“The risk of breast cancer increases for postmenopausal women using any type of HRT. But it is biggest for those using combined HRT, which has the hormones oestrogen and progestogen. Risk is also higher in those who used HRT for more than 5 years”.9

Uterus

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerIf a woman has a uterus and chooses to use estrogen plus progestogen therapy, what is her breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks published in June 2017, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) explain:

“Hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen) might slightly increase your risk of breast cancer if used for more than 4 to 5 years”.10

No Uterus

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerIf a woman does not have a uterus and chooses to use estrogen therapy, what is her breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks published in June 2017, the NAMS note:

“Using estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) does not increase breast cancer risk at 7 years but may increase risk if used for a longer time”.11

Risk Comparison

What puts a woman at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than taking HRT?

In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT: Chance of Developing Breast Cancer In A Given Year the JH elaborate on:

“The following factors put you at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than taking MHT:

  • Having more than two standard alcoholic drinks per day
  • Being overweight or obese
  • Having your first child over the age of 35
  • Having your menopause in your late 50s

This risk should also be seen within the context of the benefits of MHT; taking MHT can significantly improve a woman’s quality of life and reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, colon cancer and possibly heart disease”.12 

Stop, Then What

Once a woman stops using HRT, what happens to her risk of breast cancer?

In Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Cancer Research UK note:

“But when HRT is stopped, risk of breast cancer will start to drop back down. It takes about 4 years for the risk to go down to the same level as those who have not used HRT”.13

Breast Cancer Screening

If a woman chooses to use HT, what is it important to note about breast cancer screening?

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks – Breast Cancer the (United Kingdom) NHS (National Health Service) explain:

“Because of the risk of breast cancer, it’s especially important to attend all your breast cancer screening appointments if you’re taking HRT”.14

Breast Cancer Survivors

Can breast cancer survivors use HT?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT is:

  • “Current safety data do not support the use of systemic MHT in breast cancer survivors, although discussions, in selected women and in conjunction with each woman’s oncologist, may occur for compelling reasons after nonhormonal or complementary options have been unsuccessful”.15

In Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy, last modified on 02 November 2017, Breastcancer.org elaborate on:

“Research on menopausal hormone therapy will continue, as will the ongoing debate about benefits versus risks. At this point, HRT—whether in the form of combination HRT or estrogen-only HRT—is not recommended for women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. There isn’t enough data to know if it is safe in women at high risk of breast cancer, but it’s probably not a good idea”.16

Health Care Provider

If I choose to use HT what is my breast cancer risk?

Different women who choose to use HT can have different breast cancer risk. It may therefore be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT is:

  • “The option of MHT is an individual decision in terms of quality of life and health priorities as well as personal risk factors such as age, time since menopause and the risk of VTE, stroke, ischemic heart disease and breast cancer. MHT should not be recommended without a clear indication for its use”.17

The (United States) Mayo Clinic also note:

  • “Seek regular follow-up care. See your doctor regularly to ensure that the benefits of hormone therapy continue to outweigh the risks, and for cancer screenings such as mammograms and pelvic exams”.18

The JH note:

“Research and best-practice guidelines suggest that menopausal women review their reasons to continue MHT (or not) with their doctor once per year, or more regularly if they have any concerns”.19

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics related to Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

  1. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 2. Myth – Breast Cancer Is the Most Common Cause of Death In Postmenopausal Women
  2. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 3. Misunderstanding – One-Quarter of Women Who Take MHT Get Breast Cancer
  3. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 6. Myth – Complementary Medicines and Therapies Are As Effective As MHT and Safer
  4. About Breast Cancer
  5. Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy With Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials
  6. BMS, IMS, EMAS, RCOG and AMS Joint Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk In Response To EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee Recommendations In May 2020 [17 January 2021]
  7. Bioidentical Hormones Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  8. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  9. Breast Cancer
  10. Breast Cancer Myths vs. Facts
  11. Breast Cancer Risk Associated With HRT Increases With Longer Use, Finds Study
  12. Breast Cancer: Risk Factors
  13. Breast Health
  14. Breastcancer.org
  15. Breastcancernow.org
  16. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopausal Symptoms
  17. Combined Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  18. Complementary Medicine Options for Menopausal Symptoms
  19. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  20. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  21. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  22. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  23. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Resources and Information: Quick Links – 1. Question Prompt List
  24. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Women’s Profiles
  25. Effect of Combined HRT on Breast Cancer Risk Likely To Have Been Underestimated [Study]
  26. HRT and Breast Cancer: Overall Risks and Benefits Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  27. HRT and the Risk of Breast Cancer Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  28. HRT: The History
  29. Hormone Replacement Therapy
  30. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  31. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  32. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks
  33. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Types
  34. Hot Flashes: Manage Without Medication?
  35. Hot Flashes: What Can I Do?
  36. Information About Menopause [Multiply Languages] [Videos]
  37. Jean Hailes MHT Position Statement
  38. Joint RCOG & BMS Statement In Response To the Lancet Study on HRT Use and Breast Cancer Risk
  39. HRT Benefits and Risks
  40. MHT and Breast Cancer – Risk Even Lower, Study Reports
  41. MHT and Breast Cancer Risk
  42. Making Choices At Menopause
  43. Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy
  44. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks
  45. Managing Menopausal Symptoms After Breast Cancer – A Guide for Women [Booklet]
  46. Media: MHT and Breast Cancer Risk – Lancet 29 August 2019
  47. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement
  48. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Regimens Have Opposite Lasting Effects on Breast Cancer Incidence
  49. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individualization Is the Key To Safety
  50. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cancer
  51. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk: Further Data From the Women’s Health Initiative Trials
  52. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer
  53. Menopause
  54. Menopause
  55. Menopause
  56. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report
  57. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Who Shouldn’t Take It?
  58. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Benefits & Risks of MHT
  59. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT
  60. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?
  61. Menopause – Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT) Safe? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  62. Menopause – Non-Hormonal Treatment Options [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  63. Menopause – What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT)? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  64. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  65. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  66. Menopause: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [Video Interview Stories]
  67. Menopause: Medicines To Help You
  68. Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Treatments
  69. Menopause: Non-HRT and Lifestyle Options [Video Interview Stories]
  70. Menopause: Non-Hormonal Treatment & Relief for Hot Flashes
  71. NAMS 2017 Position Statement Updates Guidelines for Hormone Therapy Use
  72. NAMS Supports Judicious Use of Systemic Hormone Therapy for Women Aged 65 Years and Older
  73. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cancer In-Depth
  74. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Herbs At A Glance
  75. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: How Safe Is This Product or Practice?
  76. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth
  77. New Study Provides Clearer Picture on Breast Cancer Risk and HRT Use [28 October 2020]
  78. News Flash About Hot Flashes: They Can Last Longer Than You Think
  79. Non-Hormonal Treatment Options for Menopausal Symptoms
  80. Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerNonHormonal Treatments for Menopausal Symptoms
  81. Oestrogen Only Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  82. RCOG and BMS Joint Statement 29 July 2020
  83. Research on Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  84. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”
  85. Tipos de Hormonoterapia
  86. Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence
  87. Types of Hormone Therapy
  88. Understanding Breast Cancer Risk and How To Lower It
  89. Understanding Hormone Replacement Therapy
  90. Using HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy)
  91. Video Series-2019 – Treatment Options for Vaginal Dryness In Survivors of Breast Cancer and In Those With A High Risk of Breast Cancer
  92. Video Series-2020 – TSECs—A New Treatment for Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
  93. Video Series-2020 – What You Need To Know About Bioidentical Hormone Therapy
  94. Video Series-2021 – What Women Need To Know About Hormone Therapies
  95. What Is MHT and Is It Safe? WHI Randomised Study Long Term Follow Up Results – December 2019: HRT and Breast Cancer [Women’s Health Initiative
  96. What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and Is It Safe?
  97. Women’s Wellness: Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy Increase Risk of Breast Cancer?
  98. Women’s Wellness: Mindfulness May Ease Menopausal Symptoms
  99. Women’s Wellness: Treating Hot Flashes and Night Sweats Without Hormones
  100. World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research: Breast – How Diet, Nutrition and Physical Activity Affect Breast Cancer Risk

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer. 07 April 2020:3. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health. https://assets.jeanhailes.org.au/JH_position-statement_MHT.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  2. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer. 07 April 2020:3. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health. https://assets.jeanhailes.org.au/JH_position-statement_MHT.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  3. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”. 29 August 2019:1. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/2b650ccd4a2e0c63806d82ed2984ed69.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  4. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”. 29 August 2019:2. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/2b650ccd4a2e0c63806d82ed2984ed69.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  5. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report. 30 August 2019. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/news/menopause-experts-dismiss-breast-cancer-claims-of-new-report Accessed: 02 November 2020
  6. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/ba6379e868044bec13015ac2b84f2753.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  7. Menopause Diagnosis and Management: Information for the Public – Benefits and Risks of HRT: Breast Cancer. Published Date: 12 November 2015. Last Updated: 05 December 2019. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/ifp/chapter/Benefits-and-risks-of-HRT Accessed: 02 November 2020
  8. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT. Last Updated: 22 October 2020 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 02 November 2020
  9. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Last Reviewed: 27 February 2019. Cancer Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk#breast Accessed: 02 November 2020
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  11. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  12. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT: Chance of Developing Breast Cancer In A Given Year. Last Updated: 22 October 2020 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 02 November 2020
  13. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Last Reviewed: 27 February 2019. Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk#breast Accessed: 02 November 2020
  14. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks – Breast Cancer. Page Last Reviewed: 09 September 2019. NHS (National Health Service) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/risks/#breast-cancer Accessed: 02 November 2020
  15. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/ba6379e868044bec13015ac2b84f2753.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  16. Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy. Last Modified on: 02 November 2017. Breastcancer.org https://www.breastcancer.org/tips/menopausal/hrt/decisions Accessed: 02 November 2020
  17. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/ba6379e868044bec13015ac2b84f2753.pdf Accessed: 02 November 2020
  18. Menopause Hormone Therapy and Your Heart: How To Limit the Risks. 17 October 2020. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/in-depth/hormone-replacement-therapy/art-20047550 Accessed: 02 November 2020
  19. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT. Last Updated: 22 October 2020 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 02 November 2020

Topic Last Updated: 19 January 2021 – Topic Last Reviewed: 02 November 2020
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