Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer

“The level of increased breast cancer risk
with MHT use varies,
according to which data is analysed”.1

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Breast Cancer
  • Cancer of the Breast
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

Different Differences

What is it important to understand about hormone therapy and breast cancer risk?

On page three Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer dated 07 April 2020, the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

  • “The level of increased breast cancer risk with MHT use varies, according to which data is analysed. It is not possible to estimate an overall absolute risk of breast cancer by combining and examining all the available MHT research. Research studies may look at different types of MHT, different doses, different ages of women, different age of treatment initiation, different duration of use of MHT. All these factors may influence risk”.2

Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and… Meta-Analysis

Meno MarthaMeno MarthaWhat has feedback about Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence, published in the Lancet on 29 August 2019, included?

On page one in The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” the International Menopause Society (IMS) elaborate on:

“Is there new information that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) substantially increases breast cancer risk as suggested by a paper published in the Lancet this month and should women be worried?

  • Much of the information regarding breast cancer risk and MHT reported in this paper is not new…
  • It is important to note that, because of when the data included in this report was collected, most of the MHT regimes were different from those used today
  • This paper provides an important public health message about obesity and breast cancer risk…”.3

What do the IMS recommend?

On page two in The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” the IMS explain:

“Recommendations From the IMS

Women enter menopause across a range of ages, with diverse symptoms and health risk profiles. The International Menopause Society advocates the comprehensive assessment of women, including attention to modifying risk factors for chronic disease such as being overweight or obese, the importance of which have been highlighted in this Lancet paper. The benefits and risks of MHT differ according to the timing of menopause such that individualisation of therapy is essential. As prescribing practices have changed significantly over the last decade, further research is needed to determine the impact of currently recommended regimens”.4

In Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report the JH elaborate on:

“Australian menopause experts are urging women to talk to their doctor about their use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) if they have concerns following today’s publication of a large study linking MHT to an increased risk of breast cancer”.5

Where may I find Links related to Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence, published in the Lancet on 29 August 2019?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

  1. BMJ Editorial: HRT and Breast Cancer Risk: We Must Prevent Another Setback In Women’s Health [14 October 2019] [British Medical Journal]
  2. BMS Response To Lancet Paper on the Link Between Different Forms of HRT and Breast Cancer Incidence [30 August 2019]
  3. BMS Response To MHRA Recommendations [09 September 2019]
  4. Experts Debate New Analysis Concerning Breast Cancer Risk With Menopausal HT [06 September 2019]
  5. Experts Rip Into HRT-Cancer Study: From the Medical Republic – 9 September 2019
  6. Joint RCOG & BMS Statement In Response To the Lancet Study on HRT Use and Breast Cancer Risk [30 August 2019]
  7. MHT and Breast Cancer Risk
  8. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks [18 November 2019]
  9. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Regimens Have Opposite Lasting Effects on Breast Cancer Incidence [13 December 2019]
  10. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report [30 August 2019]
  11. Menopause Matters [September 2019]
  12. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT – Breast Cancer [05 December 2019] [NICE Guideline]
  13. Resources / Podcasts: Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [21 October 2019]
  14. Resources / Webinar: The Breast Cancer and MHT Controversy – An Expert Panel Separates Fact From Fiction [15 November 2019]
  15. Response From MHRA/FOI [25 October 2019]
  16. Risks and Benefits of MHT/HRT [May 2019]
  17. The Breast Cancer and MHT Controversy [Video]
  18. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience” [29 August 2019]
  19. Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence [29 August 2019]
  20. We Don’t Know Menopausal Hormone Therapy Causes Breast Cancer, But the Evidence Continues To Suggest A Link [03 September 2019]
  21. Women’s Wellness: Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy Increase Risk of Breast Cancer? [30 August 2019]

Revised Global Consensus Statement

What are some points of consensus about menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and breast cancer risk?

Some points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT – endorsed by seven menopause-related organizations – published online 20 June 2016, are:

  • “The risk of breast cancer in women over 50 years of age associated with MHT is a complex issue with decreased risk reported from RCTs for estrogen alone (CE in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)) in women with hysterectomy and a possible increased risk when combined with a progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate in the WHI) in women without hysterectomy. The increased risk of breast cancer thus seems to be primarily, but not exclusively, associated with the use of a progestin with estrogen therapy in women without hysterectomy and may be related to the duration of use
  • The risk of breast cancer attributable to MHT is rare. It equates to an incidence of <1.0 per 1000 women per year of use. This is similar or lower than the increased risk associated with common factors such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity and alcohol consumption. The risk may decrease after treatment is stopped, but data are inconsistent”.6

What is RCTs?

RCTs can be an abbreviation for Randomized Controlled Trials.

NICE Guideline

What do the (British) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines note about HRT and breast cancer risk?

In Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT last updated 15 December 2019, the NICE note:

“Studies show that for women around menopausal age:

  • Oestrogen only HRT causes little or no change in the risk of breast cancer
  • HRT that contains oestrogen and progestogen may increase breast cancer risk. This risk may be higher if you take HRT for longer but falls again when you stop taking HRT”.7

Breast Cancer Risk

What else is known about HT and breast cancer risk?

In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT the JH elaborate on:

“For otherwise healthy women, taking MHT for 2-5 years to relieve menopausal symptoms causes little if any increase in breast cancer risk”.8

In Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer the (United Kingdom) Cancer Research UK elaborate on:

“Taking HRT for 1 year or less only slightly increases breast cancer risk. However, the longer you take HRT the greater the risks are, and the longer they last.

The risk of breast cancer due to HRT can also vary from person to person. Things such as what age you are when you first start taking HRT, other medicines you may be taking, and your general health can impact the risk.

People who begin HRT before or soon after the menopause may have a bigger risk than those who start HRT later”.9

Uterus

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerIf a woman has a uterus and chooses to use estrogen plus progestogen therapy, what is her breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks published in June 2017, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) explain:

“Hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen) might slightly increase your risk of breast cancer if used for more than 4 to 5 years”.10

No Uterus

Hormone Therapy and Breast CancerIf a woman does not have a uterus and chooses to use estrogen therapy, what is her breast cancer risk?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks published in June 2017, the NAMS note:

“Using estrogen alone (for women without a uterus) does not increase breast cancer risk at 7 years but may increase risk if used for a longer time”.11

Risk Comparison

What puts a woman at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than taking HRT?

In Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT: Chance of Developing Breast Cancer In A Given Year the JH elaborate on:

“The following factors put you at a higher risk of developing breast cancer than taking MHT:

  • Having more than two standard alcoholic drinks per day
  • Being overweight or obese
  • Having your first child over the age of 35
  • Having your menopause in your late 50s

This risk should also be seen within the context of the benefits of MHT; taking MHT can significantly improve a woman’s quality of life and reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, colon cancer and possibly heart disease”.12 

In Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Should I Take HRT? Cancer Research UK note:

“It’s also important to remember that there are other things that affect cancer risk more than HRT. For example, you can reduce your cancer risk by stopping smoking, keeping a healthy weight, and drinking less alcohol”.13

Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer Screening

If a woman chooses to use HT, what is it important to note about breast cancer screening?

In Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks – Breast Cancer the (United Kingdom) NHS explain:

“Because of the risk of breast cancer, it’s especially important to attend all your breast cancer screening appointments if you’re taking HRT”.14

Breast Cancer Survivors

Can breast cancer survivors use HT?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT is:

  • “Current safety data do not support the use of systemic MHT in breast cancer survivors, although discussions, in selected women and in conjunction with each woman’s oncologist, may occur for compelling reasons after nonhormonal or complementary options have been unsuccessful”.15

In Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy, last modified on 03 February 2021, Breastcancer.org elaborate on:

“Research on menopausal hormone therapy will continue, as will the ongoing debate about benefits versus risks. At this point, HRT — whether in the form of combination HRT or estrogen-only HRT — is not recommended for women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. There isn’t enough data to know if it is safe in women at high risk of breast cancer, but it’s probably not a good idea”.16

Health Care Provider

If I choose to use HT what is my breast cancer risk?

Different women who choose to use HT can have different breast cancer risk. It may therefore be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT is:

  • “The option of MHT is an individual decision in terms of quality of life and health priorities as well as personal risk factors such as age, time since menopause and the risk of VTE, stroke, ischemic heart disease and breast cancer. MHT should not be recommended without a clear indication for its use”.17

The (United States) Mayo Clinic also note:

  • “See your doctor regularly to ensure that the benefits of hormone therapy continue to outweigh the risks, and for cancer screenings such as mammograms and pelvic exams”.18

The JH note:

“Research and best-practice guidelines suggest that menopausal women review their reasons to continue MHT (or not) with their doctor once per year, or more regularly if they have any concerns”.19

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics related to Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

  1. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 2. Myth – Breast Cancer Is the Most Common Cause of Death In Postmenopausal Women
  2. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 3. Misunderstanding – One-Quarter of Women Who Take MHT Get Breast Cancer
  3. 9 Myths and Misunderstandings About Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT): 6. Myth – Complementary Medicines and Therapies Are As Effective As MHT and Safer
  4. Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy With Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials
  5. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
  6. BMS, IMS, EMAS, RCOG and AMS Joint Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk In Response To EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee Recommendations In May 2020
  7. Bioidentical Hormones Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  8. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  9. Breast Cancer
  10. Breast Cancer Risk Associated With HRT Increases With Longer Use, Finds Study
  11. Breast Cancer: Risk Factors
  12. Breast Health
  13. Breastcancer.org
  14. Breastcancernow.org
  15. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopausal Symptoms
  16. Combined Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  17. Complementary Medicine Options for Menopausal Symptoms
  18. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  19. Complementary and Herbal Therapies for Hot Flushes
  20. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  21. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  22. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  23. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Resources and Information: Quick Links – 1. Question Prompt List
  24. Early Menopause: Women’s Experiences – Women’s Profiles
  25. Effect of Combined HRT on Breast Cancer Risk Likely To Have Been Underestimated [Study]
  26. Fast Facts: HRT and Breast Cancer Risk
  27. HRT and Breast Cancer Statement In Response To EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee Recommendations In May 2020 [14 September 2020]
  28. HRT and Breast Cancer: Overall Risks and Benefits Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  29. HRT and the Risk of Breast Cancer Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  30. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  31. HRT: The History
  32. Hormone Replacement Therapy
  33. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  34. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  35. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks
  36. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Types
  37. Hot Flashes: Manage Without Medication?
  38. Information About Menopause [Multiply Languages] [Videos]
  39. Jean Hailes MHT Position Statement
  40. Joint RCOG & BMS Statement In Response To the Lancet Study on HRT Use and Breast Cancer Risk
  41. MHT and Breast Cancer – Risk Even Lower, Study Reports
  42. MHT and Breast Cancer Risk
  43. Making Choices At Menopause
  44. Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy
  45. Making Sense of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Means Understanding the Benefits As Well As the Risks
  46. Managing Menopausal Symptoms After Breast Cancer – A Guide for Women [Booklet]
  47. Mayo Clinic Minute: Help With Hot Flashes Due To Menopause [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  48. Mayo Clinic Minute: Lifestyle Changes To Manage Menopause Symptoms [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  49. Media: MHT and Breast Cancer Risk – Lancet 29 August 2019
  50. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement
  51. Menopausal Hormone Therapy Regimens Have Opposite Lasting Effects on Breast Cancer Incidence
  52. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individualization Is the Key To Safety
  53. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cancer
  54. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk: Further Data From the Women’s Health Initiative Trials
  55. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer
  56. Menopause
  57. Menopause
  58. Menopause
  59. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report
  60. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Follow-Up Appointments?
  61. Menopause Hormone Therapy: Who Shouldn’t Take It?
  62. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Benefits & Risks of MHT
  63. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT
  64. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – What Are the Risks of MHT?
  65. Menopause – Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT) Safe? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  66. Menopause – Non-Hormonal Treatment Options [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  67. Menopause – What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (HRT)? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  68. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  69. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  70. Menopause: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [Video Interview Stories]
  71. Menopause: Medicines To Help You
  72. Menopause: Menopause – Hormone Treatments
  73. Menopause: Non-Hormonal Treatment & Relief for Hot Flashes
  74. NAMS 2017 Position Statement Updates Guidelines for Hormone Therapy Use
  75. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cancer In-Depth
  76. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth
  77. New Study Provides Clearer Picture on Breast Cancer Risk and HRT Use [28 October 2020]
  78. News Flash About Hot Flashes: They Can Last Longer Than You Think
  79. Oestrogen Only Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  80. RCOG and BMS Joint Statement 29 July 2020
  81. Research on Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  82. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  83. The IMS Has Released A Statement: Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Risk of Breast Cancer
  84. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”
  85. Tipos de Hormonoterapia
  86. Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence
  87. Types of Hormone Therapy
  88. Understanding Breast Cancer Risk and How To Lower It
  89. Understanding Hormone Replacement Therapy
  90. Using HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy)
  91. Video Series-2020 – TSECs—A New Treatment for Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
  92. Video Series-2021 – Treatment Options for Vaginal Dryness and Urinary Issues
  93. Video Series-2021 – What Women Need To Know About Hormone Therapies
  94. WHI Randomised Study Long Term Follow Up Results – December 2019: HRT and Breast Cancer [Women’s Health Initiative]
  95. Webinars: Symposia – 2021 Vision: Practical Steps to Optimize Your Benefit-Risk. Discussions for A New Decade
  96. What Is Breast Cancer?
  97. What Is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and Is It Safe?
  98. Women’s Wellness: Does Menopausal Hormone Therapy Increase Risk of Breast Cancer?
  99. Women’s Wellness: Mindfulness May Ease Menopausal Symptoms
  100. Women’s Wellness: Treating Hot Flashes and Night Sweats Without Hormones

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer. 07 April 2020:3. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health. https://assets.jeanhailes.org.au/JH_position-statement_MHT.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  2. Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) for the Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Position Statement – The Jean Hailes Position: JH Notes the Following Evidence – 6b) Breast Cancer. 07 April 2020:3. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health. https://assets.jeanhailes.org.au/JH_position-statement_MHT.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  3. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”. 29 August 2019:1. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ims-press-statement-2019-08-29-english.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  4. The International Menopause Society Comment on: “Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Experience”. 29 August 2019:2. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ims-press-statement-2019-08-29-english.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  5. Menopause Experts Dismiss Some Breast Cancer Claims In New Report. 30 August 2019. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/news/menopause-experts-dismiss-breast-cancer-claims-of-new-report Accessed: 27 May 2021
  6. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  7. Menopause Diagnosis and Management: Information for the Public – Benefits and Risks of HRT: Breast Cancer. Published Date: 12 November 2015. Last Updated: 05 December 2019. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/ifp/chapter/Benefits-and-risks-of-HRT Accessed: 27 May 2021
  8. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT. Last Updated: 20 April 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 27 May 2021
  9. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Last Reviewed: 09 March 2021. Cancer Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk#breast Accessed: 27 May 2021
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  11. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2017:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/for-women/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2017.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  12. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT: Chance of Developing Breast Cancer In A Given Year. Last Updated: 20 April 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 27 May 2021
  13. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase Cancer Risk? Should I Take HRT? Last Reviewed: 09 March 2021. Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-hormone-replacement-therapy-increase-cancer-risk#breast Accessed: 27 May 2021
  14. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Risks – Breast Cancer. Page Last Reviewed: 09 September 2019. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/risks/#breast-cancer Accessed: 27 May 2021
  15. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  16. Making Decisions About Hormone Replacement Therapy. Last Modified on: 03 February 2021. Breastcancer.org https://www.breastcancer.org/tips/menopausal/hrt/decisions Accessed: 27 May 2021
  17. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section B: General Principles Governing the Use of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:314 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 27 May 2021
  18. Menopause Hormone Therapy and Your Heart: How To Limit the Risks. 20 May 2021. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/in-depth/hormone-replacement-therapy/art-20047550 Accessed: 27 May 2021
  19. Menopause Management: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) – Breast Cancer & MHT. Last Updated: 20 April  2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-management Accessed: 27 May 2021

Topic Last Updated: 27 May 2021 – Topic Last Reviewed: 27 May 2021
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