Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention

“Smoking, lack of exercise, alcohol and high caffeine intake
(5-6 cups of coffee or caffeinated soft drinks per day)
can increase the risk of osteoporosis”.1

Umbrella
What may the Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Osteoporosis Prevention
  • Osteoporosis Risk
  • Osteoporosis Risk Factors

Women

Is there an association between women and the risk of developing osteoporosis?

In What Women Need To Know the (United States) Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF) note:

“Being female puts you at risk of developing osteoporosis and broken bones. Here are some facts:

  • Of the estimated 10 million Americans with osteoporosis, about eight million or 80% are women
  • Approximately one in two women over age 50 will break a bone because of osteoporosis
  • A woman’s risk of breaking a hip is equal to her combined risk of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer”.2

Women’s Risk Factors

What are women’s risk factors for developing osteoporosis?

In Osteoporosis and Arthritis: Two Common But Different Conditions – Osteoporosis the (United States National Institutes of Health) National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases’ NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center explain:

“Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include:

  • Thinness or small frame
  • Family history of the disease
  • Being postmenopausal and particularly having had early menopause
  • Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea)
  • Prolonged use of certain medications, such as those used to treat lupus, asthma, thyroid deficiencies, and seizures
  • Low calcium intake
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Smoking
  • Excessive alcohol intake”.3

In Are You At Risk? the BHOF explain:

“Uncontrollable Risk Factors

  • Being over age 50
  • Being female
  • Menopause
  • Family history of osteoporosis
  • Low body weight/being small and thin
  • Broken bones or height loss

Controllable Risk Factors

  • Not getting enough calcium and vitamin D
  • Not eating enough fruits and vegetables
  • Getting too much protein, sodium and caffeine
  • Having an inactive lifestyle
  • Smoking
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Losing weight”.4

The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health also note:

“Smoking, lack of exercise, alcohol and high caffeine intake (5-6 cups of coffee or caffeinated soft drinks per day) can increase the risk of osteoporosis”.5

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and the risk of developing osteoporosis?

In What Women Need To Know: Menopause: A Time for Action the BHOF elaborate on:

Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention width=

“When a woman reaches menopause, her estrogen levels drop and can lead to bone loss. For some women, this bone loss is rapid and severe.

Two major factors that affect your chance of getting osteoporosis are:

  • The amount of bone you have when you reach menopause…
  • How fast you lose bone after you reach menopause. For some women, bone loss happens faster than for others. In fact, a woman can lose up to 20% of her bone density during the five – seven years following menopause. If you lose bone quickly, you have a greater chance of developing osteoporosis”.6

Prevention

What is the key strategy for preserving bone mass after menopause?

On page three in Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease After the Menopause: Reducing the Risks of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Post Menopause the International Menopause Society elaborate on:

“Lifestyle and diet is the key strategy for preserving bone mass after menopause. Smoking and excessive alcohol use are toxic to bones and should be avoided. Moderate daily weight-bearing exercise strengthens bones and is recommended”.7

In Prevention and Healthy Living the BHOF elaborate on:

“What Can You Do To Protect Your Bones?

  • Get enough calcium and vitamin D and eat a well balanced diet
  • Engage in regular exercise
  • Eat foods that are good for bone health, such as fruits and vegetables
  • Avoid smoking and limit alcohol to 2-3 drinks per day”.8

Bone Exercise

What is the best exercise for your bones?

In Exercise for Your Bone Health: The Best Bone Building Exercises NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center note:

“Weight-bearing and resistance exercises are the best for your bones. Weight-bearing exercises force you to work against gravity. They include walking, hiking, jogging, climbing stairs, playing tennis, and dancing. Resistance exercises – such as lifting weights – can also strengthen bones. Other exercises such as swimming and bicycling can help build and maintain strong muscles and have excellent cardiovascular benefits, but they are not the best way to exercise your bones”.9

Hormone Therapy and Bone Loss

Is menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) effective in the prevention of bone loss?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy – endorsed by seven menopause-related organizations – published online 20 June 2016 is:

  • “MHT, including tibolone and CE/BZA, is effective in the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women”.10

What is CE/BZA?

CE/BZA can be an abbreviation for Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Bazedoxifene.

Hormone Therapy and Fractures

Can MHT lower the risk of fractures?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy is:

  • “MHT has been shown to significantly lower the risk of hip, vertebral and other osteoporosis-related fractures in postmenopausal women”.11

Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis

Can MHT lower the risk of osteoporosis?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy is:

  • “MHT, including tibolone, can be initiated in postmenopausal women at risk of fracture or osteoporosis before the age of 60 years or within 10 years after menopause”.12

Health Care Provider

What if I think I am at risk for osteoporosis?

If you think you are at risk for osteoporosis, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In About Osteoporosis: Have Risk Factors? Talk To Your Doctor, Ask for Testing the International Osteoporosis Federation (IOF) note:

“To become aware of any potential risk factors, take the IOF Osteoporosis Risk Check.

If you are over the age of 50 and you have one or more risk factors you should discuss these with your doctor and ask for an assessment of your bone health status. Lifestyle changes may be recommended and, for those at high risk, medication may be prescribed for optimal protection against fractures”.13
Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention

Health Topics A-Z

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Health Topics A-Z

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  1. A Guide To Calcium Rich Foods
  2. About Osteoporosis
  3. About Osteoporosis
  4. Are You At Risk? [+ Video: Risk Factors]
  5. Bone Basics
  6. Bone Density
  7. Bone Density Exam/Testing
  8. Bone Density Scan (DEXA Scan)
  9. Bone Density Scan [Image]
  10. Bone Density Test
  11. Bone Health
  12. Bone Health Checklist
  13. Bone Health: Tips To Keep Your Bones Healthy
  14. Bone Mass Measurement: What the Numbers Mean
  15. Bonehealthandosteoporosis.org [Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation, United States]
  16. Calcium
  17. Calcium Content of Common Foods
  18. Calcium and Vitamin D
  19. Calcium: Shopping List
  20. Communication With Your Doctor and Healthcare Team: Be Prepared for Your Visit
  21. D-pleted – The Vitamin Many of Us Are Low on
  22. Decreasing the Risk of Falls and Fractures Before, During and After Menopause
  23. Does Osteoporosis Run In Your Family?
  24. Exercise
  25. Exercise To Stay Healthy
  26. Exercise for Bones
  27. Exercise for Your Bone Health
  28. Exercise: Exercise and Bone Density
  29. Exercising With Osteoporosis: Stay Active the Safe Way
  30. Fixed Risk Factors
  31. Get A Bone Density Test
  32. Get the Facts on Calcium and Vitamin D
  33. Knowyourbones.org
  34. Looking After Your Bones
  35. Management of Osteoporosis In Postmenopausal Women: The 2021 Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  36. Managing the Risk of Falls
  37. May Is National Osteoporosis Month [United States]Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention
  38. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Who Should Have A Bone Density Test?
  39. Menopause FAQs: Your Health After Menopause – Q. What can I do to prevent osteoporosis?
  40. Menopause – How Will It Affect My Health? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  41. Modifiable Risk Factors
  42. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center [National Institutes of Health, United States]
  43. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Know the Science: How Medications and Supplements Can Interact
  44. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [United States]: Understanding Bone Health
  45. Nutrients: Bone Healthy Ingredients
  46. Nutrition for Bones
  47. Nutrition: Food and Your Bones – Osteoporosis Nutrition Guidelines
  48. Office of Dietary Supplements: Calcium
  49. Office of Dietary Supplements: Vitamin D
  50. Osteopedia [Glossary of Terms]
  51. Osteopenia
  52. Osteoporosis
  53. Osteoporosis
  54. Osteoporosis
  55. Osteoporosis Exercise for Strong Bones
  56. Osteoporosis Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  57. Osteoporosis Overview
  58. Osteoporosis Treatment: A-Z of Osteoporosis Treatments
  59. Osteoporosis Treatment: Medications Can Help
  60. Osteoporosis and African American Women
  61. Osteoporosis and Asian American Women
  62. Osteoporosis and Hispanic Women
  63. Osteoporosis – Multiply Languages
  64. Osteoporosis.Risk.Check
  65. Osteoporosis: Bone Health Following the Menopause
  66. Osteoporosis: Prevention
  67. Prevent Broken Bones
  68. Preventing Fractures
  69. Preventing Osteoporosis
  70. Preventing Osteoporosis: Questions for the Doctor
  71. Prevention and Healthy Living
  72. Prevention: What Can You Do To Protect Your Bones?
  73. Questions To Ask Your Healthcare Provider About Bone Health and Osteoporosis
  74. Recipes: Bone Healthy Recipes
  75. Risk Factors
  76. Smoking and Bone Health
  77. Statins Could Increase or Decrease Osteoporosis Risk – the Dosage Makes the Difference
  78. The Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means To You
  79. Treating Osteoporosis
  80. Treatment
  81. Treatment
  82. Video Series-2021: What Women Need To Know About Hormone Therapies
  83. Videos and Podcasts: Interviews and Podcasts – Interviews: Bone Health and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
  84. Videos and Podcasts: World Menopause Day 2021 – Interviews: Bone Health
  85. Videos and Podcasts: World Menopause Day 2021 – Interviews: Bone Health What Why and How
  86. Vitamin D
  87. Webinars: Previous – Update on Bone Health
  88. What Breast Cancer Survivors Need To Know About Osteoporosis
  89. What Women Need To Know [+ Video: Losing Bone Mass]
  90. Who’s At Risk?
  91. World Menopause Day Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention
  92. World Menopause Day – Patient Information Leaflet: Update on Bone Health [Multiply Languages] Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention
  93. World Menopause Day: Update on Bone Health: The IMS White Paper [Multiply Languages] Osteoporosis
  94. World Osteoporosis Day October 2021 Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Health After Menopause: Bone Health & Osteoporosis. Last Updated: 25 March 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/health-after-menopause/ Accessed: 12 January 2022
  2. What Women Need To Know. Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know/ Accessed: 12 January 2022
  3. Osteoporosis and Arthritis: Two Common But Different Conditions – Osteoporosis. Last Reviewed: December 2018. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/Conditions_Behaviors/osteoporosis_arthritis.asp Accessed: 12 January 2022
  4. Are You At Risk? National Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/prevention/general-facts/bone-basics/are-you-at-risk/ Accessed: 12 January 2022
  5. Health After Menopause: Bone Health & Osteoporosis. Last Updated: 25 March 2021 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/health-after-menopause/ Accessed: 12 January 2022
  6. What Women Need To Know: Menopause: A Time for Action. Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/prevention/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know/ Accessed: 12 January 2022
  7. Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease After the Menopause: Reducing the Risks of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Post Menopause. 2014:3. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wmd-2014-leaflet-english.pdf Accessed: 12 January 2022
  8. Prevention and Healthy Living. Last Reviewed 08/09/2018. Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/prevention/prevention-and-healthy-living/ Accessed: 12 January 2022
  9. Exercise for Your Bone Health: The Best Bone Building Exercise. Last Reviewed: October 2018. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Exercise/default.asp Accessed: 12 January 2022
  10. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 12 January 2022
  11. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 12 January 2022
  12. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-consensus-hrt-2016-06.pdf Accessed: 12 January 2022
  13. About Osteoporosis: Have Risk Factors? Talk To Your Doctor, Ask for Testing. International Osteoporosis Federation http://worldosteoporosisday.org/about-osteoporosis Accessed: 12 January 2022

Topic Last Updated: 12 January 2022 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 January 2022
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