Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention

“Women are at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis because of the rapid decline in oestrogen levels during menopause. When oestrogen levels decrease, bones…”.1

Umbrella
What may the Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Osteoporosis Prevention
  • Osteoporosis Risk
  • Osteoporosis Risk Factors

Women

Is there an association between women and the risk of developing osteoporosis?

In What Women Need To Know the (United States) National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) note:

“Being female puts you at risk of developing osteoporosis and broken bones. Here are some facts:

  • Of the estimated 10 million Americans with osteoporosis, about eight million or 80% are women
  • Approximately one in two women over age 50 will break a bone because of osteoporosis
  • A woman’s risk of breaking a hip is equal to her combined risk of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer”.2

Women’s Risk Factors

What are women’s risk factors for developing osteoporosis?

In Osteoporosis and Arthritis: Two Common But Different Conditions – Osteoporosis the (United States National Institutes of Health) National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases’ NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center explain:

“Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include:

  • Thinness or small frame
  • Family history of the disease
  • Being postmenopausal and particularly having had early menopause
  • Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea)
  • Prolonged use of certain medications, such as those used to treat lupus, asthma, thyroid deficiencies, and seizures
  • Low calcium intake
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Smoking
  • Excessive alcohol intake”.3

In Are You At Risk? the NOF explain:

“Uncontrollable Risk Factors

  • Being over age 50
  • Being female
  • Menopause
  • Family history of osteoporosis
  • Low body weight/being small and thin
  • Broken bones or height loss

Controllable Risk Factors

  • Not getting enough calcium and vitamin D
  • Not eating enough fruits and vegetables
  • Getting too much protein, sodium and caffeine
  • Having an inactive lifestyle
  • Smoking
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Losing weight”.4

The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health also note:

“Smoking, lack of exercise, alcohol and high caffeine intake (5-6 cups of coffee or caffeinated soft drinks per day) can increase the risk of osteoporosis”.5

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and the risk of developing osteoporosis?

In What Women Need To Know: Menopause: A Time for Action the NOF elaborate on:

Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention width=

“When a woman reaches menopause, her estrogen levels drop and can lead to bone loss. For some women, this bone loss is rapid and severe.

Two major factors that affect your chance of getting osteoporosis are:

  • The amount of bone you have when you reach menopause…
  • How fast you lose bone after you reach menopause…”.6

Prevention

What is the key strategy for preserving bone mass after menopause?

On page three in Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease After the Menopause: Reducing the Risks of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Post Menopause the International Menopause Society elaborate on:

“Lifestyle and diet is the key strategy for preserving bone mass after menopause. Smoking and excessive alcohol use are toxic to bones and should be avoided. Moderate daily weight-bearing exercise strengthens bones and is recommended”.7

In Prevention and Healthy Living the NOF elaborate on:

“What Can You Do To Protect Your Bones?

  • Get enough calcium and vitamin D and eat a well balanced diet
  • Engage in regular exercise
  • Eat foods that are good for bone health, such as fruits and vegetables
  • Avoid smoking and limit alcohol to 2-3 drinks per day”.8

Bone Exercise

What is the best exercise for your bones?

In Exercise for Your Bone Health: The Best Bone Building Exercises NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center note:

“Weight-bearing and resistance exercises are the best for your bones. Weight-bearing exercises force you to work against gravity. They include walking, hiking, jogging, climbing stairs, playing tennis, and dancing. Resistance exercises – such as lifting weights – can also strengthen bones. Other exercises such as swimming and bicycling can help build and maintain strong muscles and have excellent cardiovascular benefits, but they are not the best way to exercise your bones”.9

Hormone Therapy and Bone Loss

Is menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) effective in the prevention of bone loss?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy – endorsed by seven menopause-related organizations – published online 20 June 2016 is:

  • “MHT, including tibolone and CE/BZA, is effective in the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women”.10

What is CE/BZA?

CE/BZA can be an abbreviation for Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Bazedoxifene.

Hormone Therapy and Fractures

Can MHT lower the risk of fractures?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy is:

  • “MHT has been shown to significantly lower the risk of hip, vertebral and other osteoporosis-related fractures in postmenopausal women”.11

Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis

Can MHT lower the risk of osteoporosis?

One of the points of consensus in the Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy is:

  • “MHT, including tibolone, can be initiated in postmenopausal women at risk of fracture or osteoporosis before the age of 60 years or within 10 years after menopause”.12

Health Care Provider

What if I think I am at risk for osteoporosis?

If you think you are at risk for osteoporosis, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Osteoporosis.Risk.CheckIn About Osteoporosis: Have Risk Factors? Talk To Your Doctor, Ask for Testing the International Osteoporosis Federation note:

“To become aware of any potential risk factors, take the IOF One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test.

If you are over the age of 50 and you have one or more risk factors you should discuss these with your doctor and ask for an assessment of your bone health status. Lifestyle changes may be recommended and, for those at high risk, medication may be prescribed for optimal protection against fractures”.13

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics related to Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

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Links

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  1. About Osteoporosis
  2. About Osteoporosis
  3. Are You At Risk? [+ Video: Risk Factors]
  4. Bone Basics
  5. Bone Density
  6. Bone Density Exam/Testing
  7. Bone Density Scan (DEXA Scan)
  8. Bone Density Scan [Image]
  9. Bone Density Test
  10. Bone Health
  11. Bone Health Checklist
  12. Bone Health: Tips To Keep Your Bones Healthy
  13. Bone Mass Measurement: What the Numbers Mean
  14. Calcium
  15. Calcium Content of Common Foods
  16. Calcium and Vitamin D
  17. Calcium: Shopping List
  18. Communication With Your Doctor and Healthcare Team: Be Prepared for Your Visit
  19. Decreasing the Risk of Falls and Fractures Before, During and After Menopause
  20. Does Osteoporosis Run In Your Family?
  21. Exercise
  22. Exercise To Stay Healthy
  23. Exercise for Bones
  24. Exercise for Your Bone Health
  25. Exercise: Exercise and Bone Density
  26. Exercising With Osteoporosis: Stay Active the Safe Way
  27. Fixed Risk Factors
  28. Get A Bone Density Test
  29. Get the Facts on Calcium and Vitamin D
  30. Healthy Bones for A Lifetime
  31. Knowyourbones.org
  32. Looking After Your Bones
  33. Managing the Risk of Falls
  34. May Is National Osteoporosis Month [United States] Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention
  35. May Is National Osteoporosis Month [United States]: 31 Ways To Stay Bone Strong National Osteoporosis Month 2020
  36. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Who Should Have A Bone Density Test?
  37. Menopause FAQs: Your Health After Menopause – Q. What can I do to prevent osteoporosis?
  38. Menopause – How Will It Affect My Health? [Multiply Languages] [Video]
  39. Modifiable Risk Factors
  40. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center [National Institutes of Health, United States]
  41. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Know the Science: How Medications and Supplements Can Interact
  42. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [United States]: Understanding Bone Health
  43. Nutrition for Bones
  44. Nutrients: Bone Healthy Ingredients
  45. Nutrition: Food and Your Bones – Osteoporosis Nutrition Guidelines
  46. Office of Dietary Supplements: Calcium
  47. Office of Dietary Supplements: Vitamin D
  48. Osteopedia [Glossary of Terms]
  49. Osteopenia
  50. Osteoporosis
  51. Osteoporosis
  52. Osteoporosis
  53. Osteoporosis Exercise for Strong Bones
  54. Osteoporosis Explained – A British Menopause Society Video
  55. Osteoporosis Overview
  56. Osteoporosis Treatment: A-Z of Osteoporosis Treatments
  57. Osteoporosis Treatment: Medications Can Help
  58. Osteoporosis and African American Women
  59. Osteoporosis and Asian American Women
  60. Osteoporosis and Hispanic Women
  61. Osteoporosis – Multiply Languages
  62. Osteoporosis.Risk.Check
  63. Osteoporosis: Bone Health Following the Menopause
  64. Osteoporosis: Overview [Video Interview Stories]
  65. Osteoporosis: Prevention
  66. Osteoporosis: Who Develops Osteoporosis? [Video Interview Stories]
  67. Possible Fracture Risk With Osteoporosis Drugs
  68. Preventing Fractures
  69. Preventing Osteoporosis
  70. Preventing Osteoporosis: Questions for the Doctor
  71. Prevention and Healthy Living
  72. Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
  73. Prevention: What Can You Do To Protect Your Bones?
  74. Questions To Ask Your Healthcare Provider About Bone Health and Osteoporosis
  75. Recipes: Bone Healthy Recipes
  76. Risk Factors
  77. Smoking and Bone Health
  78. Statins Could Increase or Decrease Osteoporosis Risk – the Dosage Makes the Difference
  79. Stopfalls.org [Fall Prevention Center of Excellence, United States]
  80. The Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means To You
  81. Treating Osteoporosis
  82. Treatment
  83. Treatment Options
  84. Video Series-2019 – Bone Density Facts
  85. Video Series-2020 – Bone Health What You Need To Know
  86. Vitamin D
  87. What Breast Cancer Survivors Need To Know About Osteoporosis
  88. What Women Need To Know
  89. What Women Need To Know [+ Video: Losing Bone Mass
  90. Who’s At Risk?
  91. Women’s Wellness: Risks of Osteoporosis
  92. World Osteoporosis Day October 2020 World Osteoporosis Day 2019
  93. World Osteoporosis Day October 2020: Resources Osteoporosis.Risk.Check

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Risk Factors: More Information on Risk Factors. Last Updated: 23 February 2017. Osteoporosis Australia https://www.osteoporosis.org.au/risk-factors Accessed: 19 October 2020
  2. What Women Need To Know. National Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know/ Accessed: 19 October 2020
  3. Osteoporosis and Arthritis: Two Common But Different Conditions – Osteoporosis. Last Reviewed: December 2018. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/Conditions_Behaviors/osteoporosis_arthritis.asp Accessed: 19 October 2020
  4. Are You At Risk? National Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/prevention/general-facts/bone-basics/are-you-at-risk/ Accessed: 19 October 2020
  5. Health After Menopause: Bone Health & Osteoporosis. Last Updated: 14 January 2020 | Last Reviewed: 17 December 2017. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/health-after-menopause/ Accessed: 19 October 2020
  6. What Women Need To Know: Menopause: A Time for Action. National Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/prevention/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know/ Accessed: 19 October 2020
  7. Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease After the Menopause: Reducing the Risks of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Post Menopause. 2014:3. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/downloads/world_menopause_day_2014/booklets/ims_wmd_booklet_2014_english.pdf Accessed: 19 October 2020
  8. Prevention and Healthy Living. Last Reviewed 08/09/2018. National Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/prevention/prevention-and-healthy-living/ Accessed: 19 October 2020
  9. Exercise for Your Bone Health: The Best Bone Building Exercise. Last Reviewed: October 2018. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center https://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Exercise/default.asp Accessed: 19 October 2020
  10. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/ba6379e868044bec13015ac2b84f2753.pdf Accessed: 19 October 2020
  11. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/ba6379e868044bec13015ac2b84f2753.pdf Accessed: 19 October 2020
  12. De Villiers, T. J., Hall, J. E., Pinkerton, J. V., Pérez, S. C., Rees, M., Yang, C. and Pierroz, D. D. Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Section A: Benefit/Risk Profile of MHT. Climacteric, 2016;19:4:313 https://www.imsociety.org/manage/images/pdf/ba6379e868044bec13015ac2b84f2753.pdf Accessed: 19 October 2020
  13. About Osteoporosis: Have Risk Factors? Talk To Your Doctor, Ask for Testing. International Osteoporosis Federation http://worldosteoporosisday.org/about-osteoporosis Accessed: 19 October 2020

Topic Last Updated: 19 October 2020 – Topic Last Reviewed: 19 October 2020
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