“The five types of gynecologic cancers are
ovarian, endometrial/uterine, cervical,
vulvar and vaginal cancer”.1

Umbrella

What may the Gynecologic Cancers Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Gynecologic/Gynaecological Cancer/s
  • Women’s Cancer/s

Cancer

What is cancer?

DotS the definition of cancer may vary. The (United States) National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) definition is:

Cancer
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems”.2

Gynecologic Cancer

What is gynecologic cancer?

DotS the definition of gynecologic cancer may vary. The NCI’s definition is:

“Gynecologic Cancer
Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina”.3

In Gynecologic Cancers: Gynecologic Cancer Basics – What It Is the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) definition is:

“Gynecologic cancer is a disease in which cells in a woman’s reproductive organs grow out of control. The five main types of gynecologic cancer are: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. (A sixth type of gynecologic cancer is the very rare fallopian tube cancer)”.4

In Women’s Cancers (Gynaecological Cancer) the (United Kingdom) Cancer Research UK’s definition is:

“Cancers that start in the female reproductive system are called gynaecological cancers. These cancer types can affect women, some transgender men and non-binary people assigned female at birth”.5

Types

What are five types of gynecologic cancers?

In Basics the (United States) Foundation for Women’s Cancers note:

“The five types of gynecologic cancers are ovarian, endometrial/uterine, cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer”.6

Different Differences

Is each gynecologic cancer different?

Yes. In Gynecologic Cancers: Gynecologic Cancer Basics – Types the CDC explain:

“Each gynecologic cancer is unique, with different signs and symptoms, different risk factors (things that may increase your chance of getting a disease), and different prevention strategies”.7

Symptoms

What are common symptoms of gynecologic cancers?

In Gynecologic Cancers: Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers – Symptoms: Common Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers the CDC note:

  • “Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge is common for all gynecologic cancers except vulvar cancer
  • Feeling full too quickly or difficulty eating, bloating, and abdominal or back pain are common for ovarian cancer
  • Pelvic pain or pressure is common for ovarian and uterine cancers
  • More frequent or urgent need to urinate and/or constipation are common for ovarian and vaginal cancers
  • Itching, burning, pain, or tenderness of the vulva, and changes in vulva color or skin, such as a rash, sores, or warts, are found only in vulvar cancer”.8

Pap Test

Does the Pap Test screen for all the gynecologic cancers?

No. In Gynecologic Cancers: Reducing Risk for Gynecologic Cancers – Screening Tests the CDC elaborate on:

“Of all the gynecologic cancers, only cervical cancer has screening tests that can find this cancer early, when treatment works best”.9

Risk

How may women reduce their risk for gynecologic cancers?

In Gynecologic Cancers: Reducing Risk for Gynecologic Cancers – Recognize the Symptoms the CDC note:

“Since there is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize symptoms and learn if there are things you can do to reduce your risk”.10

Health Care Provider

What if I have funny tummy symptoms?

If you have funny tummy symptoms it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. In Gynecologic Cancers: Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers – When To Talk To Your Doctor the CDC explain:

“If you have vaginal bleeding that is unusual for you, talk to a doctor right away. Any vaginal bleeding after menopause needs to be reported to your doctor. If you have not yet gone through menopause but notice that your periods are heavier, last longer than normal for you, or if you’re having unusual bleeding between periods, talk to your doctor.

You should also see a doctor if you have any other warning signs that last for 2 weeks or longer and are not normal for you. Symptoms may be caused by something other than cancer, but the only way to know is to see a doctor”.11

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Gynecologic Cancers?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Gynecologic Cancers?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Gynecologic Cancer: Basics. National Foundation for Women’s Cancer https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecological-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-basics/ Accessed: 30 August 2024
  2. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Cancer. National Cancer Institute https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/expand/C Accessed: 30 August 2024
  3. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Gynecologic Cancer. National Cancer Institute https://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=45982 Accessed: 30 August 2024
  4. Gynecologic Cancers: Gynecologic Cancers Basics – What It Is. 06 December 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/about/ Accessed: 30 August 2024
  5. Women’s Cancers (Gynaecological Cancer). Last Reviewed: 10 February 2022. Cancer Research UK https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/women/ Accessed: 30 August 2024
  6. Gynecologic Cancer: Basics. National Foundation for Women’s Cancer https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecological-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-basics/ Accessed: 30 August 2024
  7. Gynecologic Cancers: Gynecologic Cancers Basics – Types. 06 December 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/about/ Accessed: 30 August 2024
  8. Gynecologic Cancers: Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers – Symptoms: Common Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers. 06 December 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/symptoms/index.html Accessed: 30 August 2024
  9. Gynecologic Cancers: Reducing Risk for Gynecologic Cancers – Screening Tests. 20 February 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/prevention/index.html Accessed: 30 August 2024
  10. Gynecologic Cancers: Reducing Risk for Gynecologic Cancers – Recognize the Symptoms. 20 February 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/prevention/index.html Accessed: 30 August 2024
  11. Gynecologic Cancers: Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancers – When To Talk To Your Doctor. 06 December 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/symptoms/index.html Accessed: 30 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 27 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 30 August 2024

“Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle and strength
that can happen when someone gets older
and does less physical activity”.1

Umbrella

What may the Sarcopenia Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Loss of Muscle Mass, Strength and Function
  • Sarcopenia

Definition

What is sarcopenia?

DotS the definition of sarcopenia may vary. The (United States) Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov’s definition is:

“Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle and strength that can happen when someone gets older and does less physical activity. This may cause trouble with daily activities like standing from a chair, walking, twisting the lid off a jar, or carrying groceries. Over time, loss of strength can lead to falls or other injuries”.2

Common or Not

How common is sarcopenia?

In Sarcopenia the OWH explain:

“Currently, it is estimated that 10–20% of older adults have sarcopenia, although it could be even more prevalent because diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia is not yet common”.3

Age

At what age does losing muscle begin?

In Sarcopenia: At What Age Should I Be Concerned About Sarcopenia? the OWH note:

“You start losing muscle at age 30. However, the rate of decline really starts to increase around age 60. That’s when you might notice changes in your ability to get around and function. Exercise and strengthening your muscles are beneficial for people of all ages but are especially important as we get older to help prevent sarcopenia and other health complications”.4

Prevention

How may sarcopenia be prevented?

In Sarcopenia: Prevention – How Can I Prevent Sarcopenia? the (United States) Cleveland Clinic explain:

“You may not be able to completely prevent sarcopenia since the condition happens as part of the natural aging process. But you can take steps to slow the progression of the disease. These include:

  • Make healthy food choices: Maintain a healthy diet that includes high-quality proteins. Aim for 20 to 35 grams of protein in each meal
  • Exercise: Maintain a physically active lifestyle that includes exercises such as resistance training
  • Routine physicals: See your healthcare provider regularly, and let them know about any changes in your health”.5

SarcopeniaHealth Care Provider

What if I think I have sarcopenia?

If you think you have sarcopenia, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Sarcopenia: Should My Health Care Professional Screen for Sarcopenia? the OWH note:

“Ideally, there would be a universal way to screen for sarcopenia. There are different ways to determine your risk of sarcopenia. The important thing to remember is that if you are finding everyday activities difficult, like opening a jar or getting up from a seated position without using your arms, or if you notice increased muscle weakness, a conversation with your health care professional about these changes is important to preserve health and independence and to prevent falls”.6

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Sarcopenia?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Sarcopenia?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 30 August 2024
  2. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 30 August 2024
  3. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 30 August 2024
  4. Sarcopenia: At What Age Should I Be Concerned About Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 30 August 2024
  5. Sarcopenia: Prevention – How Can I Prevent Sarcopenia? 03 June 2024. Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23167-sarcopenia#prevention Accessed: 30 August 2024
  6. Sarcopenia: What Is Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 30 August 2024
  7. Sarcopenia: Should My Health Care Professional Screen for Sarcopenia? Page Last Updated: August 23, 2023. https://www.womenshealth.gov/sarcopenia Accessed: 30 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 27 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 30 August 2024

“Phytoestrogens are substances from plants that have
chemical structures similar to those of the female hormone
estrogen. The isoflavones found in soy and red clover…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Phytoestrogens Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Flaxseed
  • Isoflavones
  • Phytoestrogens
  • Plant Estrogens
  • Red Clover
  • Soy Isoflavones

Definition

What are phytoestrogens?

DotS the definition of phytoestrogens may vary. The (United States) National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health’s (NCCIH) 2017 definition is:

  • “Phytoestrogens are substances from plants that have chemical structures similar to those of the female hormone estrogen. The isoflavones found in soy and red clover are examples of phytoestrogens. Flaxseed is another phytoestrogen source”.2

In Hot flushes, Night Sweats, Brain Fog? Here’s What We Know About Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: What Are Phytoestrogens?, published 05 June 2023, the authors’ definition is:

“Phytoestrogens are plant-derived substances that can show oestrogen-like activity when ingested.

There are numerous types including isoflavones, coumestans and lignans. These can be consumed in the form of food (from whole soybeans, soy-based foods such as tofu and soy milk, legumes, wholegrains, flaxseeds, fruits and vegetables) and in commercially produced supplements. In the latter category, extracts from soy and red clover yield isoflavones and flaxseed gives us lignans.

Because declining oestrogen levels drive menopausal symptoms, the theory is that consuming a “natural”, plant-based substance that acts like oestrogen will provide relief”.3

Menopause Symptoms

Is there an association between menopause symptoms and phytoestrogens?

In Hot Flashes: What Can I Do? Buyer Beware: Unproven, Nonscientific “Treatments” for Hot Flashes according to the (United States) National Institute on Aging (NIA):

“Phytoestrogens are estrogen-like substances found in some cereals, vegetables, and legumes (like soy), and herbs. They may work in the body like a weak form of estrogen, but they have not been consistently shown to be effective in research studies, and their long-term safety is unclear”.4

In Perimenopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment: Alternative Medicine, dated 23 May 2023, the (United States) Mayo Clinic explain:

  • “Phytoestrogens. These estrogens occur naturally in certain foods. Two main type of phytoestrogens are isoflavones and lignans. Isoflavones are found in soybeans and other legumes and red clover. Lignans occur in flaxseed, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables. There are also plant-derived compounds that have estrogen-like properties. Studies on phytoestrogens — whether from food or supplements — conflict on whether they help reduce menopausal symptoms. Studies also conflict on what beneficial impact, if any, phytoestrogens may have on breast cancer risk”.5

Gut Bacteria

Is there an association between gut bacteria and phytoestrogens?

In Hot flushes, Night Sweats, Brain Fog? Here’s What We Know About Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: What Does the Evidence Say? the authors’ elaborate on:

“However, several factors may influence the effect of dietary phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms. This includes gut microbiota, with research showing only around 30% of women from Western populations possess the gut microbiota needed to convert isoflavones to their active form, known as equol, compared to an estimated 50–60% of menopausal women from Japanese populations”.6

In Foods for Menopause: Here Comes the ‘But’ the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health also note:

Phytoestrogens“It’s important to know that phytoestrogens may help to ease menopausal symptoms in only one in three women. For the remaining two in three women, they may not see relief of symptoms. Why only one in three?

Ms Villella says it is due to the different gut bacteria people have. “Only about one in three women have the particular type of gut bacteria that can turn the phytoestrogen in soy into a stronger and more useable form, called equol,” she says”.7

Hot Flushes

Is there an association between hot flushes and phytoestrogens?

In Hot flushes, Night Sweats, Brain Fog? Here’s What We Know About Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: What Does the Evidence Say? the authors’ also note:

“Overall, evidence regarding the benefit of phytoestrogens for hot flushes is fairly mixed. A Cochrane review synthesised study results and failed to find conclusive evidence phytoestrogens, in food or supplement form, reduced the frequency or severity of hot flushes or night sweats in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women”.8

Health Care Provider

What if I increase phytoestrogens in my diet?

If you increase phytoestrogens in your diet, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Hot Flashes: What Can I Do? Buyer Beware: Unproven, Nonscientific “Treatments” for Hot Flashes the NIA caution:

“Always talk with your doctor before taking any herb or supplement. Currently, it is unknown whether these herbs or other “natural” products are helpful or safe to treat your hot flashes or other menopausal symptoms. The benefits and risks are still being studied”.9

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Phytoestrogens?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Phytoestrogens?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth – What the Science Says About Complementary Health Approaches for Menopause Symptoms: Natural Products – Phytoestrogens. Last Updated: May 2017. National Institute of Complementary and Integrative Health https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/menopausal-symptoms-in-depth Accessed: 29 August 2024
  2. Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth – What the Science Says About Complementary Health Approaches for Menopause Symptoms: Natural Products – Phytoestrogens. Last Updated: May 2017. National Institute of Complementary and Integrative Health https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/menopausal-symptoms-in-depth Accessed: 29 August 2024
  3. Gurvich, C., Varney, J., and Kulkarni, J. Hot flushes, Night Sweats, Brain Fog? Here’s What We Know About Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: What Are Phytoestrogens? Published: 05 June 2023 https://theconversation.com/hot-flushes-night-sweats-brain-fog-heres-what-we-know-about-phytoestrogens-for-menopausal-symptoms-204801 Accessed: 29 August 2024
  4. Hot Flashes: What Can I Do? Buyer Beware: Unproven, Nonscientific “Treatments” for Hot Flashes. Content Reviewed: 30 September 2021. National Institute on Aging https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/hot-flashes-what-can-i-do Accessed: 29 August 2024
  5. Perimenopause: Diagnosis & Treatment – Treatment: Alternative Medicine. 25 May 2023. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/perimenopause/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354671 Accessed: 29 August 2024
  6. Gurvich, C., Varney, J., and Kulkarni, J. Hot flushes, Night Sweats, Brain Fog? Here’s What We Know About Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: What Does the Evidence Say? Published: 05 June 2023 https://theconversation.com/hot-flushes-night-sweats-brain-fog-heres-what-we-know-about-phytoestrogens-for-menopausal-symptoms-204801 Accessed: 29 August 2024
  7. Foods for Menopause: Here Comes the ‘But’. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 22 August 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/news/foods-for-menopause Accessed: 29 August 2024
  8. Gurvich, C., Varney, J., and Kulkarni, J. Hot flushes, Night Sweats, Brain Fog? Here’s What We Know About Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: What Does the Evidence Say? Published: 05 June 2023 https://theconversation.com/hot-flushes-night-sweats-brain-fog-heres-what-we-know-about-phytoestrogens-for-menopausal-symptoms-204801 Accessed: 29 August 2024
  9. Hot Flashes: What Can I Do? Buyer Beware: Unproven, Nonscientific “Treatments” for Hot Flashes. Content Reviewed: 30 September 2021. National Institute on Aging https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/hot-flashes-what-can-i-do Accessed: 29 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 29 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 29 August 2024

“If you would like to find out what hormone therapy timeline information is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health…”. Meno Martha

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy Timeline Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Danish Study
  • Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy [2013]
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Timeline
  • Hormone Therapy (HT) Timeline
  • Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) Timeline
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Midlife Health
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions
  • Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public [NICE Guidelines]
  • Million Women Study (MWS)
  • NICE Guidelines (NICE)
  • Revised Global Consensus Statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy [2016]
  • Women’s Health Initiative Study
  • Women’s Midlife Health and Menopausal Hormone Therapy

1965 Onward

From 1965 onward, what may a hormone therapy (HT) timeline include?

In HRT: The History – HRT Timeline the (British) Women’s Health Concern (WHC) provide a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) timeline from 1965 onward.

2002 OnwardHormone Therapy Timeline

From 2002 onward, what may a HT timeline include?

In HRT: The History – HRT Timeline the WHC provide a HRT timeline from 1965 onward. Timelines may include:

2002
Women’s Health Initiative Study (WHI)

 

2003
Million Women Study (MWS)

 

2012
Danish Study

 

2012
Menopausal Hormone Therapy
for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions

 

2013
Global Consensus Statement
on Menopausal Hormone Therapy

 

2013
Updated 2013 International Menopause Society Recommendations
on Menopausal Hormone Therapy
and Preventative Strategies for Midlife Health

 

2016
2016 IMS Recommendations
on Women’s Midlife Health
and Menopause Hormone Therapy

 

2016
Revised Global Consensus Statement
on Menopausal Hormone Therapy

 

2017
Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Women:
Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions

 

2017
The 2017 Hormone Therapy Position Statement
of The North American Menopause Society

 

2019
Global Consensus Position Statement
on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women

 

2019
Menopause: Diagnosis and Management –
Information for the Public (NICE Guidelines)
[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]

 

2020
BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on
Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
[British Menopause Society & Women’s Health Concern]

 

2022
Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons:
Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions

 

2022
Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society,
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and
Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations
for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause

 

2022
The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of
The North American Menopause Society

(Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use)

01 May 2024
The Women’s Health Initiative
Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice

Health Care Provider

What if I would like to find out what HT timeline information is applicable to me?

If you would like to find out what HT timeline information is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy Timeline?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy Timeline?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

“Women having a heart attack wait longer
before seeking help than men do — one reason
women tend to do worse after a heart attack than men”.1

Umbrella

What may the Heart Attack Symptoms Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Heart Attack Signs
  • Heart Attack Symptoms
  • Heart Attack Warning Signs

First Step

What is the first step to surviving a heart attack?

In Know the Symptoms the (United States) Department of Health and Human Services’ Office on Women’s Health (OWH) elaborate on:

“The first step to surviving a heart attack is to recognize the symptoms of a heart attack”.2

Symptoms

What are symptoms of a heart attack?

In Heart Attack: Symptoms the (United States) Mayo Clinic explain:

“Symptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms.

Common heart attack symptoms include:

  • Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching
  • Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or sometimes the upper belly
  • Cold sweat
  • Fatigue
  • Heartburn or indigestion
  • Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Shortness of breath”.3

Heart Attack Symptoms Heart Attack SymptomsDifferent Differences

May women have different heart attack symptoms from men?

In Heart Attack: Symptoms the Mayo Clinic also note:

“Women may have atypical symptoms such as brief or sharp pain felt in the neck, arm or back. Sometimes, the first symptom sign of a heart attack is sudden cardiac arrest”.4

Women

In women, what is the most common heart attack symptom?

In Common Questions About Heart Attack In Women the American Heart Association elaborate on:

“Many women think the signs of a heart attack are unmistakable — the image of the elephant comes to mind — but in fact they can be subtler and sometimes confusing”.5

In Know the Symptoms the OWH explain:

“The most common heart attack symptom in women and men is chest pain. However, women are more likely to have at least one of these other heart attack signs.

Many women say that they felt “off” or that something was “just not right” before their heart attack, but they didn’t realize their symptoms could be related to their heart. Not all heart attacks feel the same. Some are sudden and intense. Others may start slowly with mild pain or discomfort, which can come and go over several hours, or get worse…”.6

In Heart Attack Symptoms In Women the American Heart Association elaborate on:

“If you have any of these signs, call 9-1-1 and get to a hospital right away.

  1. Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in the center of your chest. It lasts more than a few minutes, or goes away and comes back.
  2. Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.
  3. Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort.
  4. Other signs such as breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness
  5. As with men, women’s most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or discomfort. But women may experience other symptoms that are typically less associated with heart attack, such as shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting and back or jaw pain”.7

If you do not live in the United States call your country’s emergency telephone number.

Emergency Telephone Numbers

Can different countries have different emergency telephone numbers?

Different countries can have different emergency telephone numbers. It may therefore be in your best interest to choose to check what your country’s emergency telephone number is because “Minutes Matter!”

Don’t Delay

Do women delay seeking medical attention?

In Heart Attack Information for Women the OWH note:

“Women having a heart attack wait longer before seeking help than men do — one reason women tend to do worse after a heart attack than men.

The good news is that if you get help quickly, treatment can save your life and prevent permanent damage to your heart muscle. Treatment works best if given within one hour of when heart attack symptoms begin”.8

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Heart Attack Symptoms?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Heart Attack Symptoms?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Heart Attack Information for Women. Page Last Updated: 22 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/heart-attack/facts Accessed: 28 August 2024
  2. Know the Symptoms. Page Last Updated: 22 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/heart-attack/know-symptoms Accessed: 28 August 2024
  3. Heart Attack: Symptoms. 09 October 2023. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106 Accessed: 28 August 2024
  4. Heart Attack: Symptoms. 09 October 2023. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106 Accessed: 28 August 2024
  5. Common Questions About Heart Attack In Women: Why Are Women At Risk of Heart Attack? Last Reviewed: 23 September 2020. American Heart Association https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/about-heart-disease-in-women/signs-and-symptoms-in-women/common-questions-about-heart-attack-in-women Accessed: 28 August 2024
  6. Know the Symptoms. Page Last Updated: 22 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/heart-attack/know-symptoms Accessed: 28 August 2024
  7. Heart Attack Symptoms In Women. Last Reviewed: 05 December 2022. American Heart Association https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-symptoms-in-women Accessed: 28 August 2024
  8. Heart Attack Information for Women. Page Last Updated: 22 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/heart-attack/facts Accessed: 28 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 25 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 28 August 2024

“Launched in 1994, SWAN is a pioneering multi-site
longitudinal study into women’s health and the menopause
transition, examining physical, biological, psychological…”.1

Umbrella

What may the SWAN Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • SWAN
  • Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

SWAN

What is SWAN?

SWAN is an abbreviation for the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation.

SWAN Study

What is the SWAN study?

In About Swan: About SWAN: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation the SWAN explain:

“Launched in 1994, SWAN is a pioneering multi-site longitudinal study into women’s health and the menopause transition, examining physical, biological, psychological and social changes during a woman’s life. Its findings propel new medical and educational approaches to women’s health in key areas including hot flashes, mental health, sexuality, sleep, cardiovascular disease, and more”.2

Goal

What is the goal of SWAN’s research?

In About Swan Swan.org note:


Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)“The goal of SWAN’s research is to help scientists, health care providers and women learn how mid-life experiences affect health and quality of life during aging”.3

Aging Verses Menopause Transition

What has the longitudinal nature of SWAN enabled it to distinguish?

In Research Explores the Impact of Menopause on Women’s Health and Aging, dated 06 May 2022, the (United States) National Institute on Aging (NIA) elaborate on:

“The longitudinal nature of SWAN has enabled it to distinguish some of the effects of midlife aging versus changes in health due to the menopausal transition — in essence, the effects of chronological age versus those of ovarian aging,” said Chhanda Dutta, Ph.D., with NIA.

For example, changes in cardiovascular health were more influenced by the menopausal transition, whereas increases in high blood pressure and Body Mass Index (BMI) were more attributable to chronological aging”.4

Participants

How many participants joined SWAN?

In About SWAN SWAN.org explain:

“The study began in 1994. Between 1996 and 1997, 3,302 participants joined SWAN through seven designated research centers”.5

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)?

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Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. About Swan: About SWAN: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation https://www.swanstudy.org/about/about-swan/ Assessed: 28 August 2024
  2. About Swan: About SWAN: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation https://www.swanstudy.org/about/about-swan/ Assessed: 28 August 2024
  3. About SWAN. Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation https://www.swanstudy.org/about/about-swan/ Assessed: 28 August 2024
  4. Research Explores the Impact of Menopause on Women’s Health and Aging. 06 May 2022. National Institute on Aging https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/research-explores-impact-menopause-womens-health-and-aging Assessed: 28 August 2024
  5. About SWAN. Swan.org https://www.swanstudy.org/about/about-swan/ Assessed: 28 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 05 October 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 28 August 2024

“Some studies suggest that HT might be good for your heart if you start before age 60 or within 10 years of menopause. However, if you start HT further from menopause…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Coronary Heart Disease
  • Heart Disease
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  • Stroke

Cardiovascular Diseases

What are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)?

DotS the definition of CVDs may vary. The World Health Organization’s definition is:

“CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease and other conditions. More than four out of five CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, and one third of these deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age”.2

TypeHormone Therapy, Heart Disease and StrokeHormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke

What can it be important to be clear about with hormone therapy (HT), heart disease and stroke information?

It can be important to be clear about the type of HT – Estrogen Plus Progestogen HT or Estrogen Therapy.

Younger Than Age 60 or Not

What can it also be important to be clear about with HT, heart disease and stroke information?

It can also be important to be clear about whether HT, heart disease and stroke information is about women “younger than age 60 years or within 10 years of menopause”.

Younger Than Age 60

For women younger than age 60 or within 10 years of menopause, what is the association between HT and heart disease and stroke?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy: Potential Risks, published July 2022, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) explain:

“As with all medications, HT is associated with some potential risks. For healthy women with bothersome hot flashes aged younger than 60 years or within 10 years of menopause, the benefits of HT generally outweigh the risks. Hormone therapy might slightly increase your risk of stroke or blood clots in the legs or lungs (especially if taken in pill form)”.3

After Age 60

For women after age 60 or further than 10 years from menopause, what is the association between HT, heart disease and stroke?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy: Potential Risks, the NAMS also include:

“Some studies suggest that HT might be good for your heart if you start before age 60 or within 10 years of menopause. However, if you start HT further from menopause or after age 60, HT might slightly increase your risk of heart disease. Although there are risks associated with taking HT, they are not common, and most go away after you stop treatment”.4

The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice

What do the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review, note about HT for postmenopausal women to prevent cardiovascular disease or other chronic diseases?

In the Conclusions and Relevance in The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review – Abstract, published 01 May 2024, the authors note:

“For postmenopausal women, the WHI randomized clinical trials do not support menopausal hormone therapy to prevent cardiovascular disease or other chronic diseases. Menopausal hormone therapy is appropriate to treat bothersome vasomotor symptoms among women in early menopause, without contraindications, who are interested in taking hormone therapy”.5

Is there a video explaining these Conclusions and Relevance?

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U.S. Preventative Services Task Force

In 2022, what did the (United States) U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) note in their final recommendations about the use of HT for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal persons?

In Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions, published 01 November 2022, the USPSTF’s recommendations include:


Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke“Postmenopausal persons
The USPSTF recommends against the use of combined estrogen and progestin for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal persons”.6

In Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions, published 01 November 2022, the USPSTF’s recommendations also include:

“Postmenopausal persons who have had a hysterectomy
The USPSTF recommends against the use of estrogen alone for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal persons who have had a hysterectomy”.7

Health Care Provider

What if I choose to use HT and would like to lower my risk of heart disease and/or stroke?

If you would like to choose to use HT and lower your risk of heart disease and/or stroke, it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke?

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Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 28 August 2024
  2. Cardiovascular Diseases. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1 Accessed: 28 August 2024
  3. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 28 August 2024
  4. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 28 August 2024
  5. Manson, JA. E., Crandall, C. J., Rossouw, J. E., et al. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review – Abstract: Conclusions and Relevance. 01 May 2024 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2818206 Accessed: 28 August 2024
  6. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions. 01 November 2022. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/menopausal-hormone-therapy-preventive-medication Accessed: 28 August 2024
  7. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions. 01 November 2022. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/menopausal-hormone-therapy-preventive-medication Accessed: 28 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 28 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 28 August 2024

If you would to find out what menopause research
is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to
choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Umbrella

What may the Menopause Research Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Clinical Research
  • Hot Topics
  • International Research
  • Menopause Research
  • Published Research
  • Studies Published

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with menopause research?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of menopause research because this information may have been updated.

Menopause Society Journals

Where may I find menopause research?

You may find this in menopause society journals such as:Menopause Research

Health Care Provider

What if I would like to find out what menopause research is applicable to me?

If you would like to find out what menopause research is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause Research?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

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Topic Last Updated: 28 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 28 August 2024

“A woman’s risk of breaking a hip due to osteoporosis
is equal to her risk of
breast, ovarian and uterine cancer combined”.1

Umbrella

What may the Osteoporosis and Fractures Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Breaking A Hip
  • Osteoporotic Fractures

Osteoporosis

Is there an association between osteoporosis and fractures?

The International Menopause Society note:

“Osteoporosis is a disease which makes bones weak and fragile. This greatly increases the risk of breaking a bone even after a minor fall or bump. The disease has no obvious symptoms, so many people don’t know they have osteoporosis until they suffer a fracture. Fractures can be life-altering, causing pain, disability and loss of independence. That’s why it’s important to prevent osteoporosis!”.2

Fractures

What is the association between osteoporosis and fractures?

In What Is Osteoporosis? About Osteoporosis the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) explain:

“Around the world, one in three women and one in five men over the age of fifty will suffer a broken bone due to osteoporosis”.3

Osteoporosis and Fractures

Falls

How common are falls?

In Preventing Falls and Broken Bones the (United States) Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF) note:

“Each year about a third of all persons over age 65 will fall. Many of these falls result in a broken bone, often the hip or wrist. Broken bones at any age can be painful, difficult to heal, and cause life-long challenges affecting your activities and independence. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you fall, worry about falling, or feel unsteady”.4

Risk Comparison

What is the risk of breaking a hip due to osteoporosis, compared to the risk of breast or prostate cancer?

In Are You At Risk? [+ Video: Risk Factors] the BHOF also note:

“A woman’s risk of breaking a hip due to osteoporosis is equal to her risk of breast, ovarian and uterine cancer combined. And a man age 50 or older is more likely to break a bone due to osteoporosis than he is to get prostate cancer”.5

Hormone Therapy

Can hormone therapy (HT) lower the risk of fractures?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits, published July 2022, the North American Menopause Society note:

“Hormone therapy keeps your bones strong by preserving bone density and decreasing your risk of osteoporosis and fractures. If preserving bone density is your only concern, and you do not have bothersome hot flashes, other treatments may be recommended instead of HT”.6

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause first published online 10 June 2022, two of the recommendations are:

  • “In addition, HRT has been shown to have an effective role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates are considered as first-line options for most patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis due to their broad spectrum of anti-fracture efficacy. HRT may be considered as an additional alternative option, particularly in younger postmenopausal women with menopausal symptoms who are at increased risk of fractures.
  • HRT is considered as first-line intervention for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and early menopause (40–45 years old)”.7

Health Care Provider

What if I think I am at risk for fractures?

If you think you are at risk for fractures, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Osteoporosis and Fractures?

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Links

Where may I find Links related to Osteoporosis and Fractures?

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Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Are You At Risk? Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/bone-basics/are-you-at-risk/ Accessed: 27 August 2024
  2. Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease After the Menopause: Reducing the Risks of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Post Menopause. 2014:3. International Menopause Society https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wmd-2014-leaflet-english.pdf Accessed: 27 August 2024
  3. What Is Osteoporosis? About Osteoporosis. International Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/patients/about-osteoporosis Accessed: 27 August 2024
  4. Preventing Falls and Broken Bones. Last Reviewed: 21 September 2022. Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/patients/fracturesfall-prevention/ Accessed: 27 August 2024
  5. Are You At Risk? Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/bone-basics/are-you-at-risk/ Accessed: 27 August 2024
  6. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. July 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 27 August 2024
  7. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 27 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 27 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 27 August 2024

“A cardiac arrest is when your heart suddenly stops pumping blood around your body. Although it’s sometimes mistaken for a heart attack, a cardiac arrest is different”.1

Umbrella

What may the Cardiac Arrest Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Cardiac Arrest
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)

Definition

What is a cardiac arrest?

DotS the definition of a cardiac arrest may vary. The British Heart Foundation’s (BHF) definition is:

“A cardiac arrest is when your heart suddenly stops pumping blood around your body. Although it’s sometimes mistaken for a heart attack, a cardiac arrest is different”.2

The American Heart Association’s (AHA) definition is:

“Cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart function in a person who may or may not have been diagnosed with heart disease. It can come on suddenly or in the wake of other symptoms”.3

Cardiac Arrest or Heart Attack

Is a cardiac arrest the same as a heart attack?

No. In Heart Attack and Sudden Cardiac Differences the AHA elaborate on:

“People often use these terms interchangeably, but they’re not the same. A heart attack is when blood flow to the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest is when the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating. A heart attack is a “circulation” problem and sudden cardiac arrest is an “electrical” problem”.4

Cause

What causes a cardiac arrest?

In What Is Cardiac Arrest? Is A Heart Attack the Same As Cardiac Arrest? the AHA explain:

“Cardiac arrest may be caused by irregular heart rhythms called arrhythmias. A common arrhythmia associated with cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation. In ventricular fibrillation, the heart’s lower chambers suddenly start beating chaotically and don’t pump blood”.5

In Cardiac Arrest: What Causes A Cardiac Arrest? the BHF note:

“A cardiac arrest is caused by a dangerous abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), which happens when the electrical system in the heart isn’t working properly. Not all abnormal heart rhythms are life-threatening, but some mean that the heart cannot pump blood around the body”.6

Ventricular Fibrillation

What is ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

In Cardiac Arrest: What Causes A Cardiac Arrest? the BHF also elaborate on:

“Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is an example of a dangerous heart rhythm that can lead to a cardiac arrest. This is when the heart quivers or ‘fibrillates’ instead of pumps. Common arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation aren’t life-threatening although they cause irregular, fast heart rhythms”.7

Cardiac ArrestHealth Care Provider

What if I think I could be at risk for a cardiac arrest?

If you think you could be at risk for a cardiac arrest, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.

Health Topics A-Z

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Links

Where may I find Links related to Cardiac Arrest?

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Sources

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You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Cardiac Arrest. Page Last Updated: 23 January 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiac-arrest.aspx Accessed: 26 August 2024
  2. Cardiac Arrest. Page Last Updated: 23 January 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiac-arrest.aspx Accessed: 26 August 2024
  3. What Is Cardiac Arrest? What Is Cardiac Arrest? Last Reviewed: 09 November 2023. American Heart Association https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/about-cardiac-arrest#.WgN3WTprypo Accessed: 26 August 2024
  4. Heart Attack and Sudden Cardiac Differences. Last Reviewed: 02 December 2022. American Heart Association https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/about-heart-attacks/heart-attack-or-sudden-cardiac-arrest-how-are-they-different#.WgN4vnZx2po Accessed: 26 August 2024
  5. What Is Cardiac Arrest? Is A Heart Attack the Same As Cardiac Arrest? Last Reviewed: 09 November 2023. American Heart Association https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/about-cardiac-arrest Accessed: 26 August 2024
  6. Cardiac Arrest: What Causes A Cardiac Arrest? Page Last Updated: 23 January 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiac-arrest.aspx Accessed: 26 August 2024
  7. Cardiac Arrest: What Causes A Cardiac Arrest? Page Last Updated: 23 January 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/conditions/cardiac-arrest.aspx Accessed: 26 August 2024
Topic Last Updated: 29 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 26 August 2024