“It’s important to have regular bone health checks.
Your doctor might ask about your medical history, check
risk factors for osteoporosis and do a bone density test”.1

Umbrella

What may the Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Osteoporosis Prevention
  • Osteoporosis Risk
  • Osteoporosis Risk Factors

Women

Is there an association between women and the risk of developing osteoporosis?

In What Women Need To Know the (United States) Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF) note:

“Being female puts you at risk of developing osteoporosis and broken bones. Here are some facts:

  • Of the estimated 10 million Americans with osteoporosis, about eight million or 80% are women
  • Approximately one in two women over age 50 will break a bone because of osteoporosis
  • A woman’s risk of breaking a hip is equal to her combined risk of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer”.2

Risk Factors

What factors may increase our risk for osteoporosis?

In Osteoporosis Basics: What Causes Osteoporosis the (United States) National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) elaborate on:

“Factors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include:

  • Sex…
  • Age…
  • Body size…
  • Race…
  • Family history…
  • Changes to hormones…
  • Diet…
  • Other medical conditions…
  • Medications…
  • Lifestyle…”.3

In Are You At Risk? the BHOF explain:

“Uncontrollable Risk Factors

  • Being over age 50
  • Being female
  • Menopause
  • Family history of osteoporosis
  • Low body weight/being small and thin
  • Broken bones or height loss

Controllable Risk Factors

  • Not getting enough calcium and vitamin D
  • Not eating enough fruits and vegetables
  • Getting too much protein, sodium and caffeine
  • Having an inactive lifestyle
  • Smoking
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Losing weight”.4

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and our risk of developing osteoporosis?

In What Women Need To Know: Menopause: A Time for Action the BHOF elaborate on:

“When a woman reaches menopause, her estrogen levels drop and can lead to bone loss. For some women, this bone loss is rapid and severe.Two major factors that affect your chance of getting osteoporosis are:

  • The amount of bone you have when you reach menopause
  • How fast you lose bone after you reach menopause. For some women, bone loss happens faster than for others. In fact, a woman can lose up to 20% of her bone density during the five – seven years following menopause. If you lose bone quickly, you have a greater chance of developing osteoporosis”.5

Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention

Reduce Risk

How can we reduce our risk of osteoporosis?

In Looking After Yourself: Healthy Bones the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

“You can reduce your risk of osteoporosis by eating the right amount of calcium per day. Women over 50, or women who have reached menopause before 50, should eat 1300mg of calcium per day, which is equal to 3 to 4 serves of dairy per day. Other good sources of calcium include:

  • Canned fish with bones (e.g. sardines)
  • Almonds
  • Tofu
  • Leafy green vegetables
  • Legumes (e.g. chickpeas or kidney beans).

You can also:

  • Get the right amount of vitamin D through sunlight or supplements
  • Do regular weight-bearing and resistance exercise
  • Not drink coffee
  • Not smoke”.6

Exercise for Bone Health

What are some exercises for bone health?

In Exercise for Your Bone Health: Which Exercises Are Best for Keeping Bones Healthy? the NIAMS note:

“If you have low bone density (a condition sometimes called osteopenia), osteoporosis, or other physical limitations, talk to a health care provider before starting an exercise program. They can help you choose types of physical activity that are safe for you and good for your bone health.

A combination of these types of exercise is best for building and maintaining healthy bones and preventing falls and fractures:

  • Weight-bearing exercises…
  • Resistance training exercises (weight lifting)…
  • Balance training…”.7

Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis

Is HT effective for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits, published July 2022, the NAMS note:

“Hormone therapy keeps your bones strong by preserving bone density and decreasing your risk of osteoporosis and fractures. If preserving bone density is your only concern, and you do not have bothersome hot flashes, other treatments may be recommended instead of HT”.8

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

  • “In addition, HRT has been shown to have an effective role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates are considered as first-line options for most patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis due to their broad spectrum of anti-fracture efficacy. HRT may be considered as an additional alternative option, particularly in younger postmenopausal women with menopausal symptoms who are at increased risk of fractures”.9

Hormone Therapy, POI and Early Menopause

Is HT effective for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and early menopause?

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

  • “HRT is considered as first-line intervention for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and early menopause (40–45 years old)”.10

On page one in The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement, published 07 July 2022, the NAMS note:

  • “Women with primary ovarian insufficiency and premature or early menopause have higher risks of bone loss, heart disease, and cognitive or affective disorders associated with estrogen deficiency. It is recommended that hormone therapy can be used until at least the mean age of menopause unless there is a contraindication to its use”.11

Health Care Provider

What if I think I am at risk for osteoporosis?

The JH explain:

“It’s important to have regular bone health checks. Your doctor might ask about your medical history, check risk factors for osteoporosis and do a bone density test”.12

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Osteoporosis Risk and Prevention?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause: What Changes After Menopause? – Bone Health and Osteoporosis. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/health-after-menopause/ Accessed: 16 March 2024
  2. What Women Need To Know. Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know/ Accessed: 16 March 2024
  3. Osteoporosis Basics: Causes of Osteoporosis. Last Reviewed: December 2022. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis/basics/symptoms-causes Accessed: 16 March 2024
  4. Are You At Risk? National Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.nof.org/prevention/general-facts/bone-basics/are-you-at-risk/ Accessed: 16 March 2024
  5. What Women Need To Know: Menopause: A Time for Action. Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know/ Accessed: 16 March 2024
  6. Looking After Yourself: Healthy Bones Last Updated: 19 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/looking-after-yourself#healthy-bones Accessed: 16 March 2024
  7. Exercise for Your Bone Health: Which Exercises Are Best for Keeping Bones Healthy? Last Reviewed: May 2023. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/exercise-your-bone-health Accessed: 16 March 2023
  8. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. July 2022:1 https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 16 March 2024
  9. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 March 2024
  10. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 March 2024
  11. The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement. 07 July 2022:1 North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/press-release/ht-position-statement-release.pdf Accessed: 16 March 2024
  12. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause: What Changes After Menopause? – Bone Health and Osteoporosis. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/health-after-menopause/ Accessed: 16 March 2024
Topic Last Updated: 01 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 16 March 2024

“As many as 46% of individuals have sleep difficulties
in the years leading up to menopause.
Following menopause, about half of people experience…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Sleep Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Insomnia
  • Insufficient Sleep
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Sleep Changes/Difficulties/Disturbances/Problems/Symptoms
  • Sleep Disorders
  • Snoring
  • Unsatisfactory Sleep

How Much Sleep Do We Need?

How much sleep do we need?

In Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep – How Much Sleep Do We Need? the (United States) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke elaborate on:

“Your need for sleep and your sleep patterns change as you age, but this varies significantly across individuals of the same age. There is no magic “number of sleep hours” that works for everybody of the same age. Babies initially sleep as much as 16 to 18 hours per day, which may boost growth and development (especially of the brain). School-age children and teens on average need about 9.5 hours of sleep per night. Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep a night, but after age 60, nighttime sleep tends to be shorter, lighter, and interrupted by multiple awakenings. Older people are also more likely to take medications that interfere with sleep”.2

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and sleep?

In How Can Menopause Affect Sleep the (United States) National Sleep Foundation (NSF) note:


Sleep“As many as 46% of individuals have sleep difficulties in the years leading up to menopause. Following menopause, about half of people experience sleep disorders”.3

In Managing Your Symptoms: Managing Sleep Disturbance the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) also note:

“It’s common to experience sleep disturbance during menopause. Around 25% of women aged 50–64 years have sleep problems. Menopausal symptoms, sleep habits and other lifestyle factors can make it hard to get a good night’s sleep”.4

Other Factors

Apart from menopause, what other factors may cause sleep disturbance?

In Menopause FAQ: Menopause Symptoms – A. Q. I’m having trouble sleeping, and I’m tired all the time. Is this because of menopause? the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) elaborate on:

“A. Some women report sleep disturbances (insomnia) around the time of menopause, and women and their healthcare providers sometimes attribute sleep disturbances to menopause. However, there are many reasons for sleep disturbances besides night sweats (simply, hot flashes at night)”.5

The NAMS also explain:

“Your sleep disturbances may be caused by factors that affect many women beginning at midlife, such as sleep-disordered breathing (known as sleep apnea), restless legs syndrome, stress, anxiety, depression, painful chronic illnesses, and even some medications”.6

Insomnia

Is there an association between insomnia and menopause?

In How Can Menopause Affect Sleep: Sleep Problems Associated With Menopause – Insomnia the NSF elaborate on:

“During and after the menopausal transition, people have an increased risk of developing insomnia, a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep. Despite the long-held belief that night sweats lead to insomnia, research suggests that increased wakefulness causes people to notice and feel bothered by hot flashes that they might otherwise sleep through”.7

Sleep Apnea

Is there an association between sleep apnea and menopause?

In How Can Menopause Affect Sleep: Sleep Problems Associated With Menopause – Snoring and Sleep Apnea the NSF note:

“Snoring can also be a symptom of sleep apnea, a sleep disorder that causes breathing to become shallow or to stop altogether for short periods of time. These breathing events can reduce sleep quality, lead to daytime sleepiness, and potentially contribute to long-term physical and mental health problems. Sleep apnea affects about a quarter of people in the years leading up to menopause and more than a third in the years that follow”.8

Restless Legs Syndrome

What is Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)?

In Symptoms & Diagnosis: How Do I Know If I Have RLS? the (United States) Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation elaborate on:

“RLS is perhaps the most common condition you have never heard of, affecting more people than even type 2 diabetes. Up to 7-8% of the population has this neurological condition with 2–3% experiencing severe symptoms that affect their quality of life and require pharmaceutical treatment to manage their symptoms”.9

Where may I find a RLS Symptom Diary?

In Symptoms & Diagnosis: RLS Symptom Diary you may find the RLS Symptom Diary.Sleep

Alcohol

Is there an association between alcohol and insufficient sleep?

In Alcohol and Sleep: How Alcohol Affects Your Sleep Pattern the (United Kingdom) Drinkaware.co.uk note:

“Regular drinking can affect the quality of your sleep making you feel tired and sluggish. This is because drinking disrupts your sleep cycle.

Some people may find alcohol helps them get to sleep initially, but this is outweighed by the negative effect on sleep quality through the night.

The alcohol in your system will mean you spend less time in the important Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep, with the end result that you wake up feeling less refreshed. Even just a couple of drinks will have an effect”.10

Treatments

What are some sleep treatments?

According to the NAMS:

“Any treatment should first focus on improving your sleep routine—use regular hours to sleep each night, avoid getting too warm while sleeping, avoid stimulants such as caffeine and dark chocolate”.11

Concern or Not

Is insufficient sleep a concern?

In Sleep and Sleep Disorders the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) explain:

“A third of US adults report that they usually get less than the recommended amount of sleep. Not getting enough sleep is linked with many chronic diseases and conditions—such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and depression—that threaten our nation’s health. Not getting enough sleep can lead to motor vehicle crashes and mistakes at work, which cause a lot of injury and disability each year. Getting enough sleep is not a luxury—it is something people need for good health. Sleep disorders can also increase a person’s risk of health problems. However, these disorders can be diagnosed and treated, bringing relief to those who suffer from them”.12

Health Care Provider

What if insufficient sleep is making me tired, irritable or moody?

If insufficient sleep is making you tired, irritable or moody it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. The NAMS encourage us to seek help explaining:

“When lifestyle changes fail to alleviate sleep disturbances, your clinician may want to refer you to a sleep center to rule out sleep-related disorders before initiating prescription treatment. If your sleep disturbance is related solely to hot flashes, hormone therapy may help”.13

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Sleep?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Sleep?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Menopause and Sleep. Updated: 18 January 2024. National Sleep Foundation https://www.sleepfoundation.org/women-sleep/menopause-and-sleep Accessed: 15 March 2024
  2. Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep – How Much Sleep Do We Need? Last Reviewed: 19 July 2023. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/public-education/brain-basics/brain-basics-understanding-sleep Accessed: 15 March 2024
  3. Menopause and Sleep. Updated: 18 January 2024. National Sleep Foundation https://www.sleepfoundation.org/women-sleep/menopause-and-sleep Accessed: 15 March 2024
  4. Managing Your Symptoms: Managing Sleep Disturbance. Last Updated: 19 December 2023 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/managing-your-symptoms#managing-sleep-disturbance Accessed: 15 March 2024
  5. Menopause FAQ: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’m having trouble sleeping, and I’m tired all the time. Is this because of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 15 March 2024
  6. Menopause FAQ: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’m having trouble sleeping, and I’m tired all the time. Is this because of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 15 March 2024
  7. Menopause and Sleep: Sleep Problems Associated With Menopause – Insomnia. Updated: 18 January 2024. National Sleep Foundation https://www.sleepfoundation.org/women-sleep/menopause-and-sleep Accessed: 15 March 2024
  8. Menopause and Sleep: Sleep Problems Associated With Menopause – Snoring and Sleep Apnea. Updated: 18 January 2024. National Sleep Foundation https://www.sleepfoundation.org/women-sleep/menopause-and-sleep Accessed: 15 March 2024
  9. Symptoms & Diagnosis: How Do I Know If I Have RLS? Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation https://www.rls.org/understanding-rls/symptoms-diagnosis Accessed: 15 March 2024
  10. Alcohol and Sleep: How Alcohol Affects Your Sleep Pattern. Last Reviewed: 01 November 2022. Drinkaware.co.uk https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/effects-on-the-body/alcohol-and-sleep Accessed: 15 March 2024
  11. Menopause FAQ: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’m having trouble sleeping, and I’m tired all the time. Is this because of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 15 March 2024
  12. Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Last Reviewed: 07 September 2022. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/index.html Accessed: 15 March 2024
  13. Menopause FAQ: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’m having trouble sleeping, and I’m tired all the time. Is this because of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 15 March 2024
Topic Last Updated: 20 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 15 March 2024

“You may notice that menopause
causes your mood to change.
This is due to changing hormone levels”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause Mental Health Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Emotional Health/Welfare/Well-Being
  • Mental Health/Welfare/Well-Being
  • Psychological Health/Welfare/Well-Being
  • Social Health/Welfare/Well-Being
  • Well-Being

Definition

What is mental health?

DotS the definition of mental health may vary. The (United States) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) definition is:

“Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices”.2

Risk

Menopause Mental HealthIs the risk of mood changes and symptoms of depression and anxiety higher during perimenopause?

In Menopause and Mental Health, updated February 2023, the Australasian Menopause Society (AMS) note:

“While not a problem for everyone transitioning through menopause, the risk of mood changes and symptoms of depression and anxiety are higher during perimenopause, even in women without a history of major depression.

While the risk is higher for women in the age-related and natural menopausal transition, women might also have a higher risk of mood changes after menopause caused by surgery such as hysterectomy or if the ovaries have been removed. Depression also occurs at a higher rate in women with a lack of oestrogen caused by primary ovarian insufficiency”.3

Perimenopause and Depression

Is there an association between perimenopause and depression?

In Symptoms of Menopause: Mood and Emotional Health the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

Menopause Mental Health“You may notice that menopause causes your mood to change. This is due to changing hormone levels. You might experience:

  • Irritability
  • Increased anger
  • Low mood
  • Depression and anxiety”.4

In Depression and the Menopause the European Menopause and Andropause Society elaborate on:

“The perimenopause is considered to be a time of increased risk for the development of depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes.

Symptoms

  • Depressed mood
  • Loss of interest and enjoyment
  • Reduced energy
  • Disturbed sleep
  • Reduced self esteem
  • Suicidal thoughts or acts”.5

Previous Clinical History

Is there an association between a previous clinical history and menopause mental health?

In Symptoms of Menopause: Mood and Emotional Health the JH also note:

“Women who have a history of depression or premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be more likely to develop depression during this time”.6

Menopause Symptoms

Is there an association between menopause symptoms and anxiety and depression?

In Menopause and Mental Health: Mental Health Symptoms Related To Menopause the AMS explain:

“Some of the common physical, memory and thinking symptoms related to menopause (hot flushes, night sweats, sleep and sexual disturbances, weight changes and “brain fog”) can complicate and overlap with mental health symptoms”.7

Other Factors

Is there an association between other factors and menopause mood changes?

In Managing Your Symptoms: Managing Mood and Emotional Health – Anxiety and Depression the JH note:


“Hormonal changes around the time of menopause can lead to anxiety and depression, but other factors may also cause these feelings.

If you experienced anxiety before reaching menopause, some symptoms could make your anxiety worse. For example, hot flushes could lead to an anxiety attack.

Also, symptoms such as night sweats can affect your mood and make you feel exhausted, grumpy or depressed.

At this stage of life, you may experience depression for different reasons. For example, if you are having relationship problems or feeling more stress than normal.

You might also reflect on negative past experiences during this time, leading to feelings of depression.

If you are experiencing strong emotions, anxiety or depression, see your doctor”.8

Stress

Is there an association between stress and menopause mental health?

In Menopause and Mental Health: Mental Health Symptoms Related To Menopause the AMS explain:

“Another complicating factor is stress related to life circumstances. Feeling stress is common during middle age as personal and environmental changes take place. This can have a strong effect on mood in some women. Life circumstances that can impact mental health include:

  • Caring for children
  • Caring for elderly parents
  • Career changes
  • Relationship changes
  • Ageing
  • Body changes
  • Illness”.9

Best Mental Health Tips

What are some best mental health tips?

In Our Best Mental Health Tips – Backed By Research the (United Kingdom) Mental Health Foundation elaborate on:

  • “Get closer to nature…
  • Learn to understand and manage your feelings…
  • Talk to someone you trust for support…
  • Be aware of using drugs and/or alcohol to cope with difficult feelings…
  • Try to make the most of your money and get help with debt problems…
  • Get more from your sleep…
  • Be kind and help create a better world…
  • Keep moving…
  • Eat healthy food…
  • Be curious and open-minded to new experiences…
  • Plan things to look forward to…”.10

In What Is Mental Health? Mental Health and Wellness, dated 24 March 2023, SAMHSA explain:

“Today, there are new tools, evidence-based treatments, and social support systems that help people feel better and pursue their goals. Some of these tips, tools and strategies include:

  • Stick to a treatment plan…
  • Keep your primary care physician updated…
  • Learn about the condition…
  • Practice good self-care…
  • Reach out to family and friends…
  • Develop coping skills…
  • Get enough sleep…”.11

Hormone Therapy

May hormone therapy improve mood?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits, published June 2022, the NAMS note:

“Hormone therapy is one of the most effective treatments available for bothersome hot flashes and night sweats. If hot flashes and night sweats are disrupting your daily activities and sleep, HT may improve sleep and fatigue, mood, ability to concentrate, and overall quality of life”.12

In Menopause and Mental Health: Treatment Options for Mental Health Symptoms the AMS explain:

“While some international guidelines do not recommend MHT as first line therapy, many doctors have seen a positive effect on mood with the use of MHT in the first instance. There is evidence that oestrogen has antidepressant effects, particularly in perimenopausal women. We emphasise an individualised approach with treatment tailored to the individual patient”.13

Health Care Provider

What if my mood is making me moodier?

If your mood is making you moodier, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Menopause and Mental Health: Untangling Physical and Mental Health Symptoms Related To Menopause the AMS elaborate on:

“Speaking with your doctor about your menopausal symptoms, life circumstances and clinical history can help them to recommend the best treatment options and lifestyle and behavioural changes for your situation”.14

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause Mental Health?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause Mental Health?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Symptoms of Menopause: Mood and Emotional Health. Last Updated: 19 January 2024 | Last Revised: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms Accessed: 12 March 2024
  2. What Is Mental Health? Last Updated: 24 April 2023. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration https://www.samhsa.gov/mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  3. Menopause and Mental Health. Content Updated: February 2023. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets/menopause-and-mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  4. Symptoms of Menopause: Mood and Emotional Health. Last Updated: 19 January 2024 | Last Revised: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms Accessed: 12 March 2024
  5. Depression and the Menopause. 2022. European Menopause and Andropause Society https://emas-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Depression-and-the-menopause.pdf Accessed: 12 March 2024
  6. Symptoms of Menopause: Mood and Emotional Health. Last Updated: 19 January 2024 | Last Revised: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms Accessed: 12 March 2024
  7. Menopause and Mental Health: Mental Health Symptoms Related To Menopause. Content Updated: February 2023. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets/menopause-and-mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  8. Managing Your Symptoms: Managing Mood and Emotional Health – Anxiety and Depression. Last Updated: 19 December 2023 | Last Revised: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/managing-your-symptoms#managing-mood-and-emotional-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  9. Menopause and Mental Health: Mental Health Symptoms Related To Menopause. Content Updated: February 2023. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets/menopause-and-mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  10. Our Best Mental Health Tips – Backed By Research. Mental Health Foundation https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/how-to-mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  11. What Is Mental Health? Mental Health and Wellness. Last Updated: 24 April 2023. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration https://www.samhsa.gov/mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  12. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Benefits. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 12 March 2024
  13. Menopause and Mental Health: Treatment Options for Mental Health Symptoms. Content Updated: February 2023. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets/menopause-and-mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
  14. Menopause and Mental Health: Untangling Physical and Mental Health Symptoms Related To Menopause. Content Updated: February 2023. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/health-info/fact-sheets/menopause-and-mental-health Accessed: 12 March 2024
Topic Last Updated: 18 July 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 March 2024

“Migraine is affected by the changing hormone environment, with perimenopause associated with increased migraine, particularly menstrual migraine”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause Headaches Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Hormonal Headaches and Migraines
  • Menopausal/Menopause Headaches and Migraines
  • Perimenopausal/Perimenopause Headaches and Migraines

Headaches

Is there an association between headaches and perimenopause?

In Menopause FAQs: Understanding the Symptoms – Q. I’ve been having headaches lately. Is this a symptom of menopause? the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) elaborate on:

“A. Studies suggest that hormones may play a role in headaches. Women at increased risk for hormonal headaches during perimenopause are those who have already had headaches influenced by hormones, such as those with a history of headaches around their menstrual periods (so-called menstrual migraines) or when taking oral contraceptives. Hormonal headaches typically stop when menopause is reached and hormone levels are consistently low”.2

Migraines

Is there an association between migraines and menopause?

In Migraine: Can Migraine Be Worse During Menopause? the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov elaborate on:

“If your migraine headaches are closely linked to your menstrual cycle, menopause may make them less severe. As you get older, the nausea and vomiting may decrease as well. About two-thirds of women with migraines report that their symptoms improve with menopause.

But for some women, menopause worsens migraine or triggers them to start. It is not clear why this happens. Menopausal hormone therapy, which is prescribed for some women during menopause, may be linked to migraines during this time. In general, though, the worsening of migraine symptoms goes away once menopause is complete”.3

Menstrual Migraine

How common is menstrual migraine?

In Menstrual and Perimenopausal Migraine: A Narrative Review – Highlights, dated 09 July 2020, the author notes:

  • “During the reproductive years menstrual migraine affects around 4–8% of all women and around 20–25% of women with migraine”.4

Cause

What may cause migraine?

In Menstrual and Perimenopausal Migraine: A Narrative Review – Abstract the author also elaborates on:

“Migraine is affected by the changing hormone environment, with perimenopause associated with increased migraine, particularly menstrual migraine. Menstrual attacks are recognised to be more disabling and less responsive to treatment compared with non-menstrual attacks. Perimenstrual estrogen ‘withdrawal’ is implicated in the pathophysiology of menstrual migraine, with increased prevalence of migraine in perimenopause associated with unpredictable estrogen fluctuations”.5

Headache DiaryMenopause Headaches

Where may I find a headache diary?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Treatment

How are headaches treated?

The NAMS explain:

“Most headaches do not require treatment or can be treated with nonprescription pain medications. Some headaches, however, can be serious. More serious headaches, including migraines, may require prescription drugs; however, care should be taken to monitor the use of these drugs”.6

HRT

Can hormone replacement therapy (HRT) help?

On page one in Migraine and HRT: Can HRT Help? the (British) Women’s Health Concern elaborate on:

Menopause Headaches“Many women notice that migraine is more likely to occur when they have bad hot flushes and night sweats. Since HRT is very effective at controlling these menopause symptoms, it may help reduce the likelihood of migraine but is not in itself an effective migraine treatment. Further, if started too early in the perimenopause when estrogen levels can fluctuate widely, the addition of HRT can worsen migraine.

The type of HRT is important as some forms of HRT can create more hormone fluctuations, triggering migraine. This is more likely to occur with oral HRT than with patches or gel. We generally recommend that women with migraine who need HRT should use estrogen patches, gel or spray, known as transdermal estrogen, as these provide more stable hormone levels than tablets”.7

Health Care Provider

What if I get headaches?

If you get headaches it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can identify any patterns, discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.

The NAMS note:

“If a headache is unusually painful or different from those you have had before, seek medical help promptly”.8

In Headaches: See A GP If the (United Kingdom) NHS also note:

“See a GP if:

  • Your headache keeps coming back
  • Painkillers do not help and your headache gets worse
  • You have a bad throbbing pain at the front or side of your head – it could be a migraine or, more rarely, a cluster headache
  • You feel sick, vomit and find light or noise painful”.9

Who is a GP?

DotS and/or DotC (Depending on the Country) a GP may be a qualified and registered general practitioner, a medical practitioner, a medical doctor or a doctor.

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Sources

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Sources

  1. MacGregor, E. A. Menstrual and Perimenopausal Migraine A Narrative Review – Abstract. 09 July 2020. https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(20)30329-7/pdf Accessed: 08 March 2024
  2. Menopause FAQs: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’ve been having headaches lately. Is this a symptom of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 08 March 2024
  3. Migraine: Can Migraine Be Worse During Menopause? Page Last Updated: 22 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/migraine Accessed: 08 March 2024
  4. MacGregor, E. A. Menstrual and Perimenopausal Migraine A Narrative Review – Highlights. 09 July 2020 https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(20)30329-7/pdf Accessed: 08 March 2024
  5. MacGregor, E. A. Menstrual and Perimenopausal Migraine A Narrative Review – Abstract. 09 July 2020 https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(20)30329-7/pdf Accessed: 08 March 2024
  6. Menopause FAQs: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’ve been having headaches lately. Is this a symptom of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 08 March 2024
  7. Migraine and HRT: Can HRT Help? Reviewed: November 2023:1. Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/migraine-and-hrt/ Accessed: 08 March 2024
  8. Menopause FAQs: Menopause Symptoms – Q. I’ve been having headaches lately. Is this a symptom of menopause? North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopause-faqs-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 08 March 2024
  9. Headaches: See A GP If. Page Last Reviewed: 09 February 2021. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/headaches/#when-to-get-medical-help Accessed: 08 March 2024
Topic Last Updated: 19 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 08 March 2024

Menopause News April 2024 includes
some evidence-based menopause news
by menopause societies and international sources.

Umbrella

What may the Menopause News April 2024 Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Latest News
  • Media Releases
  • Menopause News
  • News
  • Position Statements
  • Press Releases/Statements
  • Reports

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with Menopause News?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of Menopause News, because this information may have been updated.

Health Care Provider

What if I would like to find out what Menopause News April 2024 is applicable to me?

If you would like to find out what Menopause News April 2024 is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Menopause News April 2024

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Topic Last Updated: 01 June 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 04 March 2024

Menopause News March 2024 includes some
evidence-based menopause news by menopause societies
and international sources.Meno Martha

Umbrella
What may the Menopause News March 2024 Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Latest News
  • Media Releases
  • Menopause News
  • News
  • Position Statements
  • Press Releases/Statements
  • Reports

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with Menopause News?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of Menopause News, because this information may have been updated.

Health Care Provider

What if I would like to find out what Menopause News March 2024 is applicable to me?

If you would like to find out what Menopause News March 2024 is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Menopause News March 2024

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Topic Last Updated: 23 April 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 21 January 2024

“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy
that can help you manage your problems
by changing the way you think and behave”.1

Umbrella

What may the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Cognitive Behavioral/Behaviour/Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  • Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
  • Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Definition

What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?

DotS the definition of CBT may vary. The (United Kingdom) NHS’s definition is:

“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave.

It’s most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression, but can be useful for other mental and physical health problems”.2

The (United States) National Alliance on Mental Illness’ (NAMI) definition is:

“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on exploring relationships among a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs”.3

On page one in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopausal Symptoms the (British) Women’s Health Concern’s (WHC) definition is:

“Cognitive behaviour therapy is a brief, non-medical approach that can be helpful for a range of health problems, including anxiety and stress, depressed mood, hot flushes and night sweats, sleep problems and fatigue. CBT helps people to develop practical ways of managing problems and provides new coping skills and useful strategies. For this reason, it can be a helpful approach to try because the skills can be applied to different problems, and can improve wellbeing in general”.4

Treatment

What may CBT be used to treat?

In Psychotherapy: Popular Types of Psychotherapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy the NAMI:

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy“Studies of CBT have shown it to be an effective treatment for a wide variety of mental illnesses, including depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders and schizophrenia. Individuals who undergo CBT show changes in brain activity, suggesting that this therapy actually improves your brain functioning as well”.5

In Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Overview – Uses for CBT the NHS elaborate on:

“In addition to depression or anxiety disorders, CBT can also help people with:

  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Borderline Personality Disorder
  • Eating Disorders – such as anorexia and bulimia…
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)…
  • Panic Disorder…
  • Phobias…
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)…
  • Psychosis
  • Schizophrenia
  • Sleep Problems – such as insomnia…
  • Problems related to alcohol misuse…

CBT is also sometimes used to treat people with long-term health conditions, such as:

  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Chronic pain

Although CBT cannot cure the physical symptoms of these conditions, it can help people cope better with their symptoms”.6

How

How does CBT work?

In Psychotherapy: Popular Types of Psychotherapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy the NAMI:

“The core principles of CBT are identifying negative or false beliefs and testing or restructuring them. Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal”.7

In Overview – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): How CBT Works the NHS elaborate on:

“CBT aims to help you deal with overwhelming problems in a more positive way by breaking them down into smaller parts.

You’re shown how to change these negative patterns to improve the way you feel”.8

Different Differences

How is CBT different from some other talking treatments?

The NHS explain:

“Unlike some other talking treatments, CBT deals with your current problems, rather than focusing on issues from your past.

It looks for practical ways to improve your state of mind on a daily basis”.9

Anxiety

Can CBT be used to help manage anxiety?

In Managing Anxiety: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy the JH explain:

“Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a psychological treatment that can be used to help manage anxiety. It aims to change unhelpful ways of thinking and behaving that can trigger anxiety or make you feel more anxious.

CBT may involve learning:

  • The difference between productive and unproductive worrying
  • How to let go of worries and get better at problem-solving
  • How to think more positively about yourself and your life
  • Relaxation and breathing techniques to manage anxiety
  • How to face your fears rationally.

There are many ways to learn about CBT (e.g. online programs), but you will get the most out of your therapy if you work with a therapist. Therapists who are trained in CBT can tailor a program to meet your individual needs”.10

NICE Draft Updated Guideline, 17 November 2023

What do the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend in their NICE Draft Updated Guideline Recommends More Treatment Choices for Menopause Symptoms?

In NICE Draft Updated Guideline Recommends More Treatment Choices for Menopause Symptoms, dated 17 November 2023, the NICE elaborate on:

“CBT was found to reduce the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats and should be considered alongside or as an alternative to HRT, the draft guidance says.

It was also found to help sleep problems related to menopause, including, how long it takes to fall asleep and how long before waking”.11

Hot Flushes

Is CBT effective in managing hot flushes?

In Managing Your Symptoms: Managing Hot Flushes and Night Sweats – Reduce Stress the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) note:

“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in managing hot flushes and night sweats. While CBT doesn’t usually reduce the frequency of hot flushes, it can reduce their impact”.12

On page five in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopause Symptoms: CBT for Hot Flushes the WHC elaborate on:

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy“CBT for hot flushes focuses on the links between physical symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behaviour. The way we think about symptoms in certain situations tends to affect the emotions we feel and what we do, and these reactions can in turn increase intensity of the hot flushes”.13

In Harness the Power of Your Mind To Beat Hot Flushes: It’s the Symptom That Plagues So Many Menopausal Women — and Now Here’s A Drug-Free Way That’s Proven To Tackle It the authors elaborate on:

“…CBT, by changing behaviours and thought patterns surrounding hot flushes, can dramatically reduce their frequency, duration and intensity. It can also help ease menopausal symptoms such as low mood and poor sleep. It effectively targets the vicious cycle so symptoms become more manageable and mood improves”.14

Health Care Provider

What if I think I could benefit from CBT?

If you would think you could benefit from CBT, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.

In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Overview the (United States) Mayo Clinic elaborate on:

“CBT can be a very helpful tool ― either alone or in combination with other therapies ― in treating mental health disorders, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or an eating disorder. But not everyone who benefits from CBT has a mental health condition. CBT can be an effective tool to help anyone learn how to better manage stressful life situations”.15

Health Topics A-Z

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Sources

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Sources

  1. Overview – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Page Last Reviewed: 10 November 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/overview/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  2. Overview – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Page Last Reviewed: 10 November 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/overview/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  3. Psychotherapy: Popular Types of Psychotherapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. National Alliance on Mental Illness https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Treatment/Psychotherapy Accessed: 01 March 2024
  4. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopausal Symptoms. Publication Date: February 2023:1. https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-cbt-menopausal-symptoms/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  5. Psychotherapy: Popular Types of Psychotherapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. National Alliance on Mental Illness https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Treatment/Psychotherapy Accessed: 01 March 2024
  6. Overview – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Uses for CBT. Page Last Reviewed: 10 November 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/overview/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  7. Psychotherapy: Popular Types of Psychotherapy – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. National Alliance on Mental Illness https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Treatment/Psychotherapy Accessed: 01 March 2024
  8. Overview – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): How CBT Works. Page Last Reviewed: 10 November 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/overview/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  9. Overview – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): How CBT Works. Page Last Reviewed: 10 November 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/overview/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  10. Managing Anxiety: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Last Updated: 04 December 2023 | Last Reviewed: 28 June 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/anxiety/managing-anxiety#cognitive-behavioural-therapy Accessed: 01 March 2024
  11. NICE Draft Updated Guideline Recommends More Treatment Choices for Menopause Symptoms. 17 November 2023. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence https://www.nice.org.uk/news/article/nice-draft-updated-guideline-recommends-more-treatment-choices-for-menopause-symptoms Accessed: 01 March 2024
  12. Managing Your Symptoms: Managing Hot Flushes and Night Sweats – Reduce Stress. Last Updated: 10 December 2023 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/managing-your-symptoms Accessed: 01 March 2024
  13. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Menopause Symptoms: CBT for Hot Flushes. Publication Date: February 2023:5. British Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-cbt-menopausal-symptoms/ Accessed: 01 March 2024
  14. Hunter, M. and Smith, M. Harness the Power of Your Mind To Beat Hot Flushes: It’s the Symptom That Plagues So Many Menopausal Women — and Now Here’s A Drug-Free Way That’s Proven To Tackle It. 26 January 2021 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-9185969/Harness-power-mind-beat-hot-flushes.html Accessed: 01 March 2024
  15. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Overview. 16 March 2019. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/about/pac-20384610 Accessed: 01 March 2024
Topic Last Updated: 07 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 01 March 2024

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart
disease than men. However, as women age and their
oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease…”.1

Umbrella
What may the Heart Disease and Menopause Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • After Menopause
  • Before Menopause
  • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Heart Conditions
  • Heart Disease/s
  • Perimenopause
  • Postmenopause

Heart Disease

What is heart disease?

DotS the definition of heart disease may vary. The (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition is:

“The term “heart disease” refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type of heart disease in the United States is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD affects the blood flow to the heart. Decreased blood flow can cause a heart attack”.2

Before Menopause

Heart Disease and MenopauseHeart Disease and MenopauseIs there an association between before menopause and heart disease?

In What Is Menopause: Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart disease than men. However, as women age and their oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease increases”.3

In Menopause and Heart Disease the British Heart Foundation (BHF) note:

“Before the menopause, women in general have a lower risk of being affected by coronary heart disease. But after the menopause, your risk increases”.4

In Coronary Heart Disease: Women and Heart Disease – Why Does Coronary Heart Disease Affect Women Differently? the (United States) National Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) elaborate on:

  • “Hormone changes may affect a woman’s risk for coronary heart disease. Before menopause, the hormone estrogen provides women with some protection against heart disease. This may be because estrogen keeps the arteries flexible or because estrogen may have beneficial effects on blood lipids. As women age, though, their risk for coronary heart disease increases, and menopausal hormone therapy may further increase that risk”.5

Postmenopause

Is there an association between postmenopause and heart disease?

The JH explain:

“After menopause, risk factors for heart disease increase. These include:

  • High blood pressure
  • An increase in total cholesterol
  • An increase in LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol)
  • A decrease in HDL (‘good’ cholesterol)
  • An increase in blood fats, such as triglycerides”.6

Early Menopause

Is there an association between early menopause and heart disease?

Yes. According to the NHLBI:

Heart Disease and Menopause“Women who experience early menopause, especially after a hysterectomy, are more likely to develop heart disease than women of the same age who have not yet experienced menopause”.7

Hormone Replacement Therapy Risk

Can hormone replacement therapy (HRT) reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease?

In Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? the BHF note:

“There’s also evidence that HRT can reduce your risk of developing coronary heart disease, or of having a heart attack and stroke. This is because it replaces hormones in your body, which can help to protect your heart. Evidence shows that HRT should be started within 10 years of starting the menopause and before the age of 60. The earlier HRT is started, the more effective it is at protecting your heart and reducing your risk of coronary heart disease”.8

Cholesterol Levels

Is there an association between some types of HRT and cholesterol levels?

In Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? the BHF also note:

“It’s thought that HRT can have a positive effect on your cholesterol levels, however some types of HRT can increase your cholesterol levels. Talk to your doctor if you have high cholesterol”.9

Blood Clots and Stroke

Is there an association between HRT, blood clots and a stroke?

In Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? the BHF explain:

“HRT tablets can slightly increase your risk of blood clots and a stroke, but the risk is low for women under 60. Most women are prescribed HRT through the skin (such as HRT patches). If you’re worried about this, speak to your doctor about having HRT as a patch or gel instead”.10

Heart Disease Prevention

What are the most effective ways to prevent heart disease?

In The Connection Between Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risks, published 20 February 2023, the author elaborates on:

“Research suggests the most effective ways to prevent heart disease include not smoking, being physically active, eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, getting enough sleep, and keeping cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose levels under control”.11

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have heart disease or I have a family history of heart disease?

If you think you have heart disease or you have a family history of heart disease, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Heart Disease: It’s Not Just for Men – You and Your Doctor: A Heart Healthy Partnership the NHLBI also remind us:

“A crucial step in determining your risk is to see your doctor for a thorough checkup. Your doctor can be an important partner in helping you set and reach goals for heart health. But don’t wait for your doctor to mention heart disease or its risk factors. Many doctors don’t routinely bring up the subject with women patients. Here are some tips for establishing good, clear communication between you and your doctor:

  • Speak Up…
  • Keep Tabs on Treatment…
  • Be Open…
  • Keep It Simple…”.12

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Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 01 February 2024
  2. Heart Disease: About Heart Disease. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/ Accessed: 21 August 2024
  3. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 01 February 2024
  4. Menopause and Heart Disease. Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/living-with-a-heart-condition/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 01 February 2024
  5. Coronary Heart Disease: Women and Heart Disease – Why Does Coronary Heart Disease Affect Women Differently? Last Updated: 20 December 2023. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/women#Why-does-coronary-heart-disease-affect-women-differently? Accessed: 01 February 2024
  6. What Is Menopause? The Menopause Transition – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 18 January 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 01 February 2024
  7. Coronary Heart Disease: Women and Heart Disease – Why Does Coronary Heart Disease Affect Women Differently? Last Updated: 20 December 2023. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/women#Why-does-coronary-heart-disease-affect-women-differently? Accessed: 01 February 2024
  8. Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 01 February 2024
  9. Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 01 February 2024
  10. Menopause and Your Heart: HRT: Benefit or Risk To Your Heart? Page Last Reviewed: October 2023. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/women-with-a-heart-condition/menopause-and-heart-disease Accessed: 01 February 2024
  11. Williamson, L. The Connection Between Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risks. 21 February 2023 https://www.heart.org/en/news/2023/02/20/the-connection-between-menopause-and-cardiovascular-disease-risks Accessed: 01 February 2024
  12. Heart Disease: It’s Not Just for Men – You and Your Doctor: A Heart Healthy Partnership. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/education-and-awareness/heart-truth/heart-disease-not-just-men Accessed: 01 February 2024
Topic Last Updated: 21 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 01 February 2024

“Depression is not brought on by anything a woman
has or has not done, and it is not something she can
“snap out” of. Most women need treatment to feel better”.1

Umbrella

What may the Depression and Women Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Black Dog
  • Clinical Depression
  • Depression
  • Depression the Serious Clinical Illness
  • Depressive Disorder/Episode/Illness
  • Dysthymia
  • Dysthymic Disorder
  • Major Depression
  • Major Depressive Disorder/Episode/Illness
  • Minor Depression
  • Nervous Breakdown
  • Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
  • Unipolar Depression

Definition

What is depression?

DotS the definition of depression may vary. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition is:

“Depressive disorder (also known as depression) is a common mental disorder. It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time.

Depression is different from regular mood changes and feelings about everyday life. It can affect all aspects of life, including relationships with family, friends and community. It can result from or lead to problems at school and at work.

Depression can happen to anyone. People who have lived through abuse, severe losses or other stressful events are more likely to develop depression. Women are more likely to have depression than men”.2

Women

In women, how common is depression?

In Depressive Disorder (Depression): Key Facts the WHO note:

  • “More women are affected by depression than men”.3

In Women the (Australian) Beyondblue elaborate on:

“While good mental health is essential to the overall health of both men and women, women experience some mental health conditions at higher rates than men.

In fact, around 1 in 6 women in Australia will experience depression and 1 in 3 women will experience anxiety during their lifetime. Women also experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders at higher rates than men”.4

Symptoms

In women, what can be symptoms of depression?

In Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 2. Depression Has Signs and Symptoms To Look Out for the (United States) National Institute of Mental Health explain:

“Sadness is only one part of depression. Other common symptoms include:

  • Anxiety or irritability
  • Depression and WomenFeelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or helplessness
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
  • Fatigue, lack of energy, or feeling slowed down
  • Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
  • Changes in sleep or appetite
  • Physical aches or pains that do not have a clear physical cause
  • Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attempts

These symptoms can make it hard to think, work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life. Talk to a health care provider if you experience symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks. Depression does not look the same for everyone; some women may experience many symptoms, and others may experience only a few”.5

Anxiety

Is there an association between anxiety and depression?

In Depression: Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Not the Same the Anxiety and Depression Association of America elaborate on:

“Depression and anxiety disorders are different, but people with depression often experience symptoms similar to those of an anxiety disorder, such as nervousness, irritability, and problems sleeping and concentrating. But each disorder has its own causes and its own emotional and behavioral symptoms.

Many people who develop depression have a history of an anxiety disorder earlier in life. There is no evidence one disorder causes the other, but there is clear evidence that many people suffer from both disorders”.6

Perimenopause

Is there an association between perimenopause and depression?

In Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 3. Certain Types of Depression Are Unique To Women the NIMH note:


Depression and Women

  • “Perimenopausal depression affects some women during the transition to menopause. Whereas abnormal periods, problems sleeping, mood swings, and hot flashes are common during the menopause transition, more extreme feelings of irritability, anxiety, sadness, or loss of enjoyment may be signs of depression”.7

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and depression?

In Symptoms of Menopause: Mood & Emotional Health the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) elaborate on:

“Research suggests that women are more likely to feel depressed during the menopause transition.

Women who have a history of depression or premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be more likely to develop depression during this time”.8

Treatment

How can depression be treated?

In Depression: How Is Depression Treated? the NIMH elaborate on:


Depression and Women
“Depression, even the most severe cases, can be treated. The earlier treatment begins, the more effective it is. Depression is usually treated with medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two”.9

In Depression: Treatment and Therapies the NIMH also include:

“Quick Tip: No two people are affected the same way by depression, and there is no “one-size-fits-all” treatment. Finding the treatment that works best for you may take trial and error”.10

Online Resources, Programs, Apps and e-Therapies

Are depression online resources, programs, Apps and e-therapies available?

Depending on your Country, depression online resources, programs,  Apps and e-therapies may be available.

Your health care provider or local community health center may know of your Country’s recommended depression online resources, programs, Apps and e-therapies, similar to the (Australian) Government Department of Health and Aged Care thiswayup.org.au: Therapy on Demand

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have depression?

If you think you have depression, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this urgently.

In Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 1. Depression Is A Medical Condition the NIMH explain:

“Depression is not brought on by anything a woman has or has not done, and it is not something she can “snap out” of. Most women need treatment to feel better”.11

In Find A Mental Health Professional: Finding the Right Professional for You the (Australian) Beyondblue note:

“It’s important to find someone you feel comfortable with. While some people find a practitioner and treatment that works for them first time, for others it can take a few tries. The main thing is to persevere – try not to let one bad experience put you off getting support”.12

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Depression and Women?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Links

Where may I find Links related to Depression and Women?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 1. Depression Is A Medical Condition. Revised 2023. National Institute of Mental Health https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-in-women/index.shtml#pub3 Accessed: 31 January 2024
  2. Depressive Disorder (Depression): Overview. 31 March 2023. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression Accessed: 31 January 2024
  3. Depressive Disorder (Depression): Key Facts. 31 March 2023. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression Accessed: 31 January 2024
  4. Women. Beyondblue https://www.beyondblue.org.au/who-does-it-affect/women Accessed: 25 August 2023
  5. Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 2. Depression Has Signs and Symptoms To Look Out for. Revised 2023. National Institute of Mental Health https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-in-women/index.shtml#pub3 Accessed: 31 January 2024
  6. Depression. This Page was Updated: 22 January 2024. Anxiety and Depression Association of America https://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/depression Accessed: 31 January 2024
  7. Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 3. Certain Types of Depression Are Unique To Women. Revised 2023. National Institute of Mental Health https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-in-women/index.shtml Accessed: 31 January 2024
  8. Symptoms of Menopause: Mood and Emotional Health. Last Updated: 19 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms#mood-and-emotional-health Accessed: 31 January 2024
  9. Depression: Treatment and Therapies. Last Reviewed: September 2023. National Institute of Mental Health https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml#part_145399 Accessed: 31 January 2024
  10. Depression: Treatment and Therapies. Last Reviewed: September 2023. National Institute of Mental Health https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml#part_145399 Accessed: 31 January 2024
  11. Depression In Women: 4 Things To Know – 1. Depression Is A Medical Condition. Revised 2023. National Institute of Mental Health https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-in-women/index.shtml#pub1 Accessed: 31 January 2024
  12. Find A Mental Health Professional: Finding the Right Professional for You. Beyondblue https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support/find-a-mental-health-professional Accessed: 31 January 2024
Topic Last Updated: 02 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 31 January 2024