Hormone Therapy and Dementia

“Hormonal status can affect cognitive function
and over the years there has been conflicting evidence
regarding the risk of dementia and HRT use”.1

Umbrella

What may the Hormone Therapy and Dementia Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Hormone (Replacement) Therapy H(R)T
  • Hormone Medicines
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Hormones
  • Medicines for Hormone Replacement Therapy
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  • Menopause Hormone Medicines
  • Menopause Medicines

Date

What can it be important to be clear about with hormone therapy (HT) information?

It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of HT information, because this information may have been updated.

Symptoms or Chronic Conditions

What can it also be important to be clear about with HT information?

It can also be important to be clear about whether HT information is about the use of HT for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal dryness or for the prevention of chronic conditions such as dementia, cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia Study, 28 June 2023

What is the Conclusions of the Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Nationwide, Nested Case-Control Study, published 28 June 2023?

The Conclusions of the Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Nationwide, Nested Case-Control Study is:

“Conclusions Menopausal hormone therapy was positively associated with development of all cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, even in women who received treatment at the age of 55 years or younger. The increased rate of dementia was similar between continuous and cyclic treatment. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these findings represent an actual effect of menopausal hormone therapy on dementia risk, or whether they reflect an underlying predisposition in women in need of these treatments”.2

In Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia [Editorials], published 28 June 2023, in response to the above study Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Nationwide, Nested Case-Control Study, what do the authors note:

In Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia [Editorials], the authors note:

“Pourhadi and colleagues’ new study reported an association with increased risk of dementia even in women using menopausal hormone therapy before the age of 55 years for less than or equal to five years, which is within the age range recommended by the North American Menopause Society. Their findings contradict those of the WHIMS-Y trial and other trials that reported no effect on cognitive function among women who were randomly assigned to hormone therapy in early menopause. Although, longer follow-up is needed to determine participants’ dementia risk later in life”.3

Where may I find Links related to the Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Nationwide, Nested Case-Control Study, published 28 June 2023?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

Dementia Risk Under the Age of 60 Years

Under the age of 60 years, can starting hormone therapy (HT) increase the risk of dementia?

On page two in HRT Benefits and Risks, published November 2020, the (British) Women’s Health Concern note:

“Hormonal status can affect cognitive function and over the years there has been conflicting evidence regarding the risk of dementia and HRT use. Based on the current evidence, women can be reassured that HRT is unlikely to increase the risk of dementia or be detrimental to cognitive function in women initiating HRT under the age of 60 years”.4

Dementia Risk Older than 65 Years

Older than 65 years, can starting HT increase the risk of dementia?

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks, published July 2022, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) note:

“If started in women aged older than 65 years, HT might increase the risk of dementia”.5

Reducing Dementia Risk With HT

Is HT recommended to reduce the risk of dementia in women experiencing the menopause?

No. On page three in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

Hormone Therapy and Dementia

  • “Women should be reassured that HRT is unlikely to increase the risk of dementia or to have a detrimental effect on cognitive function in women initiating HRT before the age of 65. However, HRT should not be initiated for the purpose of reducing the risk of dementia in women experiencing the menopause. National as well as international recommendations do not support the use of HRT for the primary or secondary prevention of dementia”.6

In Hormones and Dementia: Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Reduce Dementia Risk? the (British) Alzheimer’s Society elaborate on:

“The research into whether taking oestrogen (as part of HRT) can reduce women’s risk of dementia has been mixed. Some studies suggest that oestrogen may reduce dementia risk whilst others say it increases it”.7

Documentary: Sex, Mind and the Menopause

What did the Channel 4 documentary Davina McCall: Sex, Mind and the Menopause discuss about HT and dementia?

In Menopause: HRT’s Brain-Protecting Effect May Be Overstated, published 11 May 2022, the authors note:

“The documentary, called Sex, Mind and the Menopause, discussed how the menopause can cause a range of brain-related symptoms, including brain fog, mood changes and memory problems. It also suggested that taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) some years before the menopause may be the solution to these problems – alongside potentially halving a woman’s risk of developing dementia”.8

In Menopause: HRT’s Brain-Protecting Effect May Be Overstated the authors response to the Documentary also includes:

“Hormone replacement therapy can be effective for many women in alleviating a range of menopausal symptoms, particularly hot flushes. Whether HRT can prevent dementia or alleviate brain-related symptoms due to the menopause is still unclear. But fortunately, any brain changes that happen because of the menopause are usually temporary”.9

Health Care Provider

What if I would like to start HT?

If you would like to start HT, it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use the NAMS elaborate on:

“Every woman is different, and you will decide about whether to use HT based on the severity of your symptoms, your personal and family health history, and your own beliefs about menopause treatments. Your healthcare professional will be able to help you with your decision”.10

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy and Dementia?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy and Dementia?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. 20 Years of Data Lead To Changes In Perceptions, Usage of Menopausal HT
  2. ACOG Explains: Managing Menopause Symptoms [American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]
  3. About Dementia: What Is Dementia?
  4. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  5. Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications for Precision Hormone Therapy
  6. BMS TV: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  7. Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
  8. Can Hormone Replacement Therapy Prevent Menopause Brain Changes?
  9. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  11. Dementia
  12. Dementia
  13. Dementia & MHT – Cause or Correlation?
  14. Does HRT Prevent Dementia? Or Cause It? Women’s Health Experts Prof Annice Mukherjee and Prof Joyce Harper Have Studied ALL the Research To Cut Through the Hype and Give the Definitive Answer
  15. Dr Louise Newson: The Truth About the Menopause & HRT
  16. Expert Reaction To Observational Study on HRT and Dementia
  17. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  18. Find An AMS Doctor [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  19. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  20. HRT
  21. HRT Use By Younger Women Linked To Dementia, Study Says. Experts Disagree [CNN Report]
  22. HRT – Types, Doses and Regimens
  23. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  24. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  25. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Benefits and Risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  26. Hormone Therapy
  27. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions
  28. Hormone Therapy for Menopause
  29. Hormone Therapy for Menopause Linked To Increased Risk of Dementia
  30. Hormone Therapy for Menopause Symptoms
  31. Hormone Therapy: Four Things A Mayo Clinic Women’s Health Specialist Wants You To Know [+ Video]
  32. Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
  33. Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Novel Insights
  34. Hormones and Dementia Risk
  35. Hot Flashes: What Can I Do? [+ Video: What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Menopause?]
  36. Hot Flashes? Night Sweats? Progesterone Can Help Reduce Symptoms of Menopause
  37. How Food Preferences Are Linked To Cognition and Brain Health – and Why A Balanced Diet Is Superior
  38. I Forgot To Ask the Doctor – E9: The Menopause: Can Every Woman That Wants It Have HRT?
  39. IMS Past President and Current Treasurer Quoted In CNN Health Article on HRT and Dementia Risk
  40. Is There A Link Between HRT and Cognitive Decline? Research Is Inconclusive
  41. Joint BMS, FSRH, RCGP and RCOG Position Statement on the Supply Shortages of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  42. Joint Position Statement by the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause
  43. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [+ Video: Is HRT Bad for You?] [Other Languages and Formats]
  44. Lisa Mosconi: Research Is ‘Validating … Women’s Experiences’
  45. Mayo Clinic Minute: Can the MIND Diet Improve Brain Health? [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  46. Mayo Clinic Minute: Help With Hot Flashes Due To Menopause [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  47. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Estrogen Replacement Therapy After Ovary Removal
  48. Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  49. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia [Editorials]
  50. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Nationwide, Nested Case-Control Study
  51. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and the Mind: The Role of Hormone Replacement In the Prevention and Treatment of Cognitive Decline, Dementia, and Cognitive Dysfunction of Depression
  52. Menopause
  53. ‘Menopause Brain’ Is Real. Here’s How Women’s Brains Change In Midlife.
  54. Menopause Hormone Therapy Significantly Alters Pathophysiological Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease
  55. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  56. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
    Hormone Therapy
  57. Menopause May Unmask Vulnerability To Alzheimer’s Disease, Other Dementias
  58. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 2. Talking To Your GP About Menopause
  59. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 3. The Risks & Benefits of HRT
  60. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 4. The Different Types of HRT
  61. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated With Menopause and Midlife
  62. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Treating Vasomotor Symptoms of Menopause
  63. Menopause Symptoms: Mayo Clinic Expert Outlines Hormone and Nonhormonal Therapies
  64. Menopause Treatment
  65. Menopause Treatments: What Works, What Doesn’t
  66. Menopause, Perimenopause, Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments With Madelyn Butler, MD [Podcast]
  67. Menopause: HRT’s Brain-Protecting Effect May Be Overstated
  68. Menopause: Things You Can Do
  69. Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 256
  70. Mitochondria, Estrogen and Female Brain Aging
  71. Mosconi: ‘Menopause Is A Neurologically Active State’
  72. Mymenoplan.org [My Menoplan, United States]
  73. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Dietary Supplements and Cognitive Function, Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease: What the Science Says
  74. Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245
  75. Perimenopause
  76. Perimenopause and Menopause Symptom Checklist
    Perimenopause Symptom Checklist
  77. Probiotics May Help Boost Mood and Cognitive Function
  78. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  79. Staying Healthy During and After Menopause
  80. Study Linking HRT With Dementia Risk ‘Unhelpful’
  81. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Menopause Hormone Therapy on Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
  82. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  83. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause
  84. The Best Foods To Eat for Better Memory and Brain Health
  85. The Truth About Menopause Supplements | Dr Sarah Berry
  86. Therapy for the Effects of Menopause
  87. Tips To Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
  88. Use of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Dementia: Nested Case-Control Studies Using QResearch and CPRD Databases
  89. Video Series-2023: NAMS 2023 Nonhormone Therapies Position Statement for Bothersome Menopause Symptoms
  90. Video Series-2023: Premature and Early Menopause
  91. Video Series-2024: Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  92. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: A Simple Approach To Menopause: The Menopause Quick Six (www.MQ6.ca)
  93. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: How To Protect Your Brain Health At Menopause and Beyond
  94. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Prevention of Chronic Diseases In Women: Where Does MHT Fit In?
  95. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: What Women Should Know About Menopause and Brain Fog
  96. What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis
  97. Why Didn’t Anyone Tell Me This? Episode 3: Dr Annice Mukherjee: Your Essential Menopause Toolkit
  98. Why Is Dementia Different for Women?
  99. World Menopause Day 2022: Patient Information Leaflet – Brain Fog and Memory Difficulties in Menopause [Multiply Languages]
  100. World Menopause Day 2023Young Onset Dementia: Perimenopause and Menopause

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. HRT Benefits and Risks. Updated: November 2020:2. Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/hrt-know-benefits-risks/ Accessed: 23 May 2024
  2. Pourhadi, N., Mørch, L. S. Holm, E.A. Torp-Pederson, C., Meaidi, A. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia: Nationwide, Nested Case-Control Study. 28 June 2023. https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-072770 Accessed: 23 May 2024
  3. Kantarci, K., Manson, JA, E. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Dementia [Editorials]. 28 June 2023:381. https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj.p1404 Accessed: 23 May 2024
  4. HRT Benefits and Risks. Updated: November 2020:2. Women’s Health Concern https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/hrt-know-benefits-risks/ Accessed: 23 May 2024
  5. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use: Potential Risks. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 23 May 2024
  6. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayesena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 12 June 2022 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 23 May 2024
  7. Hormones and Dementia: Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Reduce Dementia Risk? Alzheimer’s Society https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/hormones-and-dementia Accessed: 23 May 2024
  8. Hogervorst, E., D’Donnell, E. and Hardy, R. Menopause: HRT’s Brain-Protecting Effect May Be Overstated. 11 May 2022 https://theconversation.com/menopause-hrts-brain-protecting-effect-may-be-overstated-182449 Accessed: 23 May 2024
  9. Hogervorst, E., D’Donnell, E. and Hardy, R. Menopause: HRT’s Brain-Protecting Effect May Be Overstated. 11 May 2022 https://theconversation.com/menopause-hrts-brain-protecting-effect-may-be-overstated-182449 Accessed: 23 May 2024
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 23 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 14 June 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 23 May 2024

/by

Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control Problems

“You should not ignore these problems because without help, they rarely go away and usually get worse over time. They can interfere with work, social activities…”.1

Umbrella
What may the Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control Problems Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Bladder Control
  • Bowel Control
  • Continence
  • Incontinence
  • Light Bladder Leakage (LBL)
  • Urinary Control

Menopause

Is there an association between menopause and bladder and bowel control?

In Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence the Continence Foundation of Australia elaborate on:

“There are a few ways that menopause can impact your bladder and bowel control. These include:

  • Weak pelvic floor muscles…
  • A less elastic bladder…
  • Vaginal dryness…
  • Weight gain…
  • Other health problems…
  • Hysterectomy…
  • Anal trauma / surgery…”.2

Symptoms

What are the most common incontinence symptoms?

In Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence: Symptoms the Continence Foundation of Australia explain:

Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control Problems“During menopause, passing urine frequently and the urgent need to pass urine are the most common incontinence symptoms. Other symptoms include:

  • Leakage of urine with coughs, sneezes, or exercise
  • Leakage of urine on the way to the toilet
  • Getting up one or more times per night to pass urine (nocturia)
  • Frequent urinary tract infections
  • Rushing to the toilet to open bowels
  • Being unable to control wind
  • Constipation”.3

In Menopause: Symptoms – Common Menopausal Symptoms the (United Kingdom) NHS also note common menopausal symptoms include:

  • “…Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)…”.4

Urinary Tract Infection

What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

DotS the definition of a UTI may vary. The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health’s (JH) definition is:

“A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection that can affect your:

  • Bladder (Cystitis)
  • Urethra (Urethritis)
  • Kidneys (Pyelonephritis)”.5

In Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): What Is A UTI? the JH also note:

“The most common type of UTI in women is  an infection of the bladder (cystitis)”.6

Diary

Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control ProblemsMay keeping a diary be helpful?

Yes. In Talking To Your Doctor the (United States) National Association for Continence (NAFC) elaborate on:

“By keeping a bladder or bowel diary, you are not only educating and informing yourself, you are assuming responsibility for playing a role in getting diagnosed correctly”.7

Diary Information

What important information should a diary contain?

In Talking To Your Doctor the NAFC elaborate on:

“Share your bladder diary or bowel diary with your physician or nurse. It should contain such important information as:

  • Recorded toilet habits over a 2 day period
  • A list of everything you ate and drank
  • Any nighttime trips to the bathroom? How many?
  • Note the strength of urine flow
  • Any accidents? What happened to cause them?

You might discover more than one set of symptoms and thus face multiple solutions. The point is to create a record of all the symptoms in a context that will be helpful to your doctor in reaching a diagnosis”.8

Helpline

May some Countries have a national continence/incontinence Helpline?

Yes. Your Country may have a Helpline similar to the Continence Foundation of Australia’s National Continence Helpline.

Toilet Maps, Cards or Apps

May some Countries have toilet maps, cards or Apps?

Yes. Your Country may have a toilet map similar to Australia’s National Public Toilet Map: About the Toilet Map which:

“The National Public Toilet Map shows the location of more than 23,000 public and private public facilities across Australia, including toilets, adult change and baby care. Information is provided about each toilet, such as location, accessibility details, opening hours and features like sharps disposal and showers”.9

Or your Country may have a card or App similar to the (United Kingdom) Bladder & Bowel Community’s (B&B) Free Just Can’t Wait Toilet Card.

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have menopause bladder or bowel control problems?

If you think you have menopause bladder or bowel control problems, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

The Continence Foundation of Australia encourage us to seek help and explain:


Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control Problems“You should not ignore these problems because without help, they rarely go away and usually get worse over time. They can interfere with work, social activities, as well as sexual and personal relationships”.10

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control Problems?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause Bladder and Bowel Control Problems?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. 5 Steps You Can Take Now To Improve Bladder Health
  2. BMS TV: Urogenital Atrophy
  3. Bladder
  4. Bladder Control Problems (Urinary Incontinence)
  5. Bladder Control Problems: How To Seek Treatment
  6. Bladder Control: Lifestyle Strategies Ease Problems
  7. Bladder Issues Common for Women of All Ages [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network. Name Super/CG: Olivia Cardenas-Trowers, M.D./Gynecology/Mayo Clinic]
  8. Bladder Leakage: Fact Versus Fiction
  9. Bladder Retraining and Keeping A Blabber Diary
  10. Bladder Training: Tips and Techniques To Regain Control
  11. Bladderandbowel.org [Bladder & Bowel Community, United Kingdom]
  12. Bladderhealthuk.org [Bladder Health UK]
  13. Bowel
  14. Bowel Control Problems [Fecal Incontinence]
  15. Bowel Control Problems [Fecal Incontinence]: Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Faecal Incontinence – What Should I Avoid Eating If I have Faecal Incontinence? Keeping A Food Diary
  16. Bowel Control: Symptoms & Types
  17. Bowel Incontinence
  18. Bowel Incontinence
  19. Bowel Problems, Conditions & Symptoms
  20. Continence Central
  21. Continence Foundation of Australia
  22. Continence Health: Bladder
  23. Continence Health: Bowel
  24. Continence Product Advisor
  25. Continence Worldwide
  26. Cystitis
  27. Cystitis
  28. Diet and Exercise
  29. FAQs: Urinary Incontinence
  30. Fecal Incontinence: Diagnosis & Treatment
  31. Fecal Incontinence: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
  32. Female Products
  33. Fistula
  34. Foods and Drinks That Can Irritate Your Bladder
  35. From Leaking Urine To Sudden Urges To Go: An Ob-Gyn Talks Bladder Control Problems
  36. Glossary
  37. How To Exercise Without Wetting Yourself
  38. How To Talk To Your Doctor About Bladder Leakage
  39. How To Talk To Your Doctor About Bladder Leaks
  40. Incontinence Diaries: Using A Bladder Diary or Bowel Diary
  41. Incontinence Information In Other Languages
  42. Incontinence: Bowel [Video]
  43. Intake and Voiding Diary
  44. International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
  45. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – After the Menopause [Other Languages and Formats]
  46. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Signs and Symptoms of Menopause [+ Video: Talking Menopause With Your GP] [Other Languages and Formats]
  47. Life With Incontinence: Continence Products
  48. Low Estrogen Bladder Symptoms and Treatment
  49. Managing Your Condition
  50. Mayo Clinic Minute: Perimenopause and Menopause [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  51. Menopause Checklist Podcast: Episode 1: A Wee Problem
  52. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
  53. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Symptom Tracker
  54. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 2. Talking To Your GP About Menopause
  55. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated With Menopause and Midlife
  56. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit: A Woman’s Empowerment Guide
  57. Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP #256
  58. Mixed Incontinence Causes and Treatments
  59. National Association for Continence [United States]
  60. Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245
  61. Other Languages: Incontinence Information In Other Languages
  62. Overactive Bladder
  63. Overactive Bladder
  64. Pelvic Floor Disorder Awareness [+ Video]
  65. Pelvic Floor First [Continence Foundation of Australia]
  66. Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  67. Perimenopause and Menopause Symptom Checklist
  68. Products To Treat Adult Incontinence
  69. Prof. J. Shifren – Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause | Consumer
  70. Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women
  71. Symptoms of Incontinence [Bowel Incontinence]
  72. Symptoms of Menopause: Bladder, Vaginal and Vulval Problems
  73. Talking To Your Doctor [+ Video: Breaking Her Silence: Some Things Are Too Important To Hold In]
  74. The 2020 Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  75. The Truth About Menopause Supplements | Dr Sarah Berry [Video]
  76. Tips To Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
  77. Treating Incontinence During Your Perimenopause and Menopause Years
  78. Urinary Incontinence
  79. Urinary Incontinence
  80. Urinary Incontinence
  81. Urinary Incontinence
  82. Urinary Incontinence
  83. Urinary Incontinence In Women
  84. Urinary Incontinence Overview [+ Video: Understanding Urinary Incontinence]
  85. Urinary Incontinence – Multiply Languages
  86. Urinary Incontinence: 10 Ways To Stop Leaks
  87. Urinary Incontinence: Incontinence Products
  88. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
  89. Urinary Tract Infections: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments
  90. Urinary and Pelvic Floor Conditions
  91. Vaginal Dryness
  92. Voices for PFD [Pelvic Floor Disorders]
  93. Video Series-2024: Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  94. Watch Our FAQ Video Series [Continence NZ]
  95. Watch Our FAQ Video Series: Checklist [Continence NZ]
  96. What Can You Do for An Overactive Bladder?
  97. Where Do I Start?
  98. Why Didn’t Anyone Tell Me This? Episode 3: Dr Annice Mukherjee: Your Essential Menopause Toolkit
  99. Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence
  100. Women’s Bladder and Bowel Health Conditions
  101. World Federation for Incontinence and Pelvic Problems

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence: Symptoms. Last Updated: 15 July 2021. Last Reviewed: 01 April 2020. Continence Foundation of Australia https://www.continence.org.au/who-it-affects/women/menopause Accessed: 21 May 2024
  2. Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence. Last Updated: 15 July 2021. Last Reviewed: 01 April 2020. Continence Foundation of Australia https://www.continence.org.au/who-it-affects/women/menopause Accessed: 21 May 2024
  3. Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence: Symptoms. Last Updated: 15 July 2021. Last Reviewed: 01 April 2020. Continence Foundation of Australia https://www.continence.org.au/who-it-affects/women/menopause Accessed: 21 May 2024
  4. Menopause: Symptoms – Common Menopausal Symptoms. Page Last Reviewed: 17 May 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/menopause/symptoms/#common-menopausal-symptoms Accessed: 21 May 2024
  5. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): What Is A UTI? Last Updated: 23 April 2024 | Last Reviewed: 17 January 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/bladder/urinary-tract-infections-utis-2 Accessed: 21 May 2024
  6. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): What Is A UTI? Last Updated: 23 April 2024 | Last Reviewed: 17 January 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/bladder/urinary-tract-infections-utis-2 Accessed: 21 May 2024
  7. Talking To Your Doctor. National Association for Continence https://www.nafc.org/talking-to-your-doctor Accessed: 21 May 2024
  8. Talking To Your Doctor. National Association for Continence https://www.nafc.org/talking-to-your-doctor Accessed: 21 May 2024
  9. National Public Toilet Map: About the Toilet Map. National Continence Program https://toiletmap.gov.au/about Accessed: 21 May 2024
  10. Women: Menopause – Menopause and Continence: Symptoms. Last Updated: 15 July 2021. Last Reviewed: 01 April 2020. Continence Foundation of Australia https://www.continence.org.au/who-it-affects/women/menopause Accessed: 21 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 15 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 21 May 2024

/by

Clinical Trials

“Clinical trials are part of clinical research
and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials
look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease”.1

Umbrella
What may the Clinical Trials Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Clinical Trials/Research/Studies

Clinical Trials

What are clinical trials?

DotS the definition of clinical trials may vary. The (United States) National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) definition is:

“Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease”.2

In NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics – What Are Clinical Trials and Why Would I Want To Take Part? the NIH also explain:

“Clinical trials can study:

  • New drugs or new combinations of drugs
  • New ways of doing surgery
  • New medical devices
  • New ways to use existing treatments
  • New ways to change behaviors to improve health
  • New ways to improve the quality of life for people with acute or chronic illnesses”.3

Goal

What is the goal of clinical trials?

In NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics – What Are Clinical Trials and Why Would I Want To Take Part Part? the NIH elaborate on:

“The goal of clinical trials is to determine if these treatment, prevention, and behavior approaches are safe and effective. People take part in clinical trials for many reasons”.4

Participation

Why do people participate in clinical trials?

In Is A Clinical Trial Right for You? the (United States National Institute of Health) NIH MedlinePlus Magazine explain:

Clinical Trials

“Some people participate in clinical trials because none of the standard (approved) treatment options have worked, or they are unable to tolerate certain side effects. For others, it’s an opportunity to help researchers find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases”.5

Health Care Provider

What if I would like to participate in a clinical trial?

If you would like to participate in a clinical trial it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. In Get Involved In Research: Why Get Involved In Research Studies? the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health elaborate on:

“Choosing to join a study is a personal decision. Before you join a study, learn about what you will be asked to do and how much time this might take. Also ask about possible risks and benefits. Researchers can provide you with a ‘plain language explanation’ of the study which will help you with your decision”.6

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Clinical Trials?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Clinical Trials?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [United States]
  2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [United States]: Patients & Consumers
  3. Clinical Research FAQ
  4. Clinical Trials
  5. Clinical Trials: How Do I Take Part In A Clinical Trial?
  6. ClinicalTrials.gov
  7. ClinicalTrials.gov: Glossary of Terms
  8. ClinicalTrials.gov: Menopause
  9. ClinicalTrials.gov: Menopause Clinical Trials
  10. ClinicalTrials.gov: Patient Resources
  11. ClinicalTrials.gov: Perimenopause
  12. ClinicalTrials.gov: Postmenopause
  13. Cochrane.org
  14. Cochrane.org: Our Evidence
  15. Cochranelibrary.com
  16. Diverse Women In Clinical Trials [Food and Drug Administration, United States]
  17. Genome.gov [National Human Genome Research Institute, United States]
  18. Get Involved In Research
  19. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)
  20. Is A Cancer Clinical Trial Right for Me?
  21. Is A Clinical Trial Right for You?
  22. Learn About Clinical Studies
  23. Mayo Clinic Proceedings Explores Digital Transformation of Clinical Trials
  24. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You [United States National Institutes of Health]
  25. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: Glossary of Common Terms
  26. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics
  27. NIH Research Matters
  28. Science Saturday: What Happens In Medical Research Before Clinical Trials Begin?
  29. Women In Clinical Trials: For Patients
    Women In Clinical Trials = Hope

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted:

Sources

  1. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics – What Are Clinical Trials and Why Would I Want To Take Part? This Page Last Reviewed on 03 October 2022. National Institutes of Health https://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials/basics.htm Accessed: 21 May 2024
  2. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics – What Are Clinical Trials and Why Would I Want To Take Part? This Page Last Reviewed: 03 October 2022. National Institutes of Health https://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials/basics.htm Accessed: 21 May 2024
  3. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics – What Are Clinical Trials and Why Would I Want To Take Part? This Page Last Reviewed: 03 October 2022. National Institutes of Health https://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials/basics.htm Accessed: 21 May 2024
  4. NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics – What Are Clinical Trials and Why Would I Want To Take Part? This Page Last Reviewed: 03 October 2022. National Institutes of Health https://www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials/basics.htm Accessed: 21 May 2024
  5. Is A Clinical Trial Right for You? 11 August 2020. NIH MedlinePlus Magazine https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/is-a-clinical-trial-right-for-you Accessed: 21 May 2024
  6. Get Involved In Research: Why Get Involved In Research Studies? https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/research/get-involved-in-research Accessed: 21 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 21 May 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 21 May 2024

/by

Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart
disease than men. However, as women age and their
oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Cardiovascular Conditions
  • Cardiovascular Disease/s (CVD/CVDs)
  • Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Diseases/Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • Diseases/Disorders of the Heart and Circulatory System
  • Heart Disease/s
  • Heart and Circulatory Disease
  • Stroke

Cardiovascular Diseases

What are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)?

DotS the definition of CVDs may vary. In Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): What Are Cardiovascular Diseases? the World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition is:

“Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and they include:

  • Coronary heart disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
  • Cerebrovascular disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
  • Peripheral arterial disease – a disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
  • Rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
  • Congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart caused by malformations of the heart structure from birth; and
  • Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs”.2

Age

As women age, does their risk of CVD increase?

The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) note:

“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart disease than men. However, as women age and their oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease increase”.3

Menopause and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

What are menopause and CVD risk factors?

In What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the JH note:

“After menopause, risk factors for heart disease increase. These include:

  • High blood pressure
  • An increase in total cholesterol
  • An increase in LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol)
  • A decrease in HDL (‘good’ cholesterol)
  • An increase in blood fats, such as triglycerides”.4

In Menopause and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Does Menopause Increase A Woman’s Risk of Heart Disease and Stroke? the American Heart Association’s Go Red for Women elaborate on:

“Cardiovascular risk factors that every woman should know about include:

  • Age at the time of menopause. Women who reach menopause before age 45 have a significantly higher risk of coronary heart disease…
  • The cause and timing of menopause. Menopause caused by surgical removal of both ovaries at an early age can lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease…
  • Estrogen. Levels of estrogen, which helps keep blood vessels relaxed and open, start to decline markedly as menopause approaches…
  • Hot flashes and night sweats. Hot flashes and night sweats are the most common menopause-related symptoms and can last up to 10 years….
  • Depression and sleep problems. In some studies, depression and sleep disturbances were linked to an increased risk of heart disease…
  • Increased visceral fat. This type of fat, in the abdominal cavity near vital organs, is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer…
  • Cholesterol levels and metabolic syndrome risk. These cardiovascular risk factors appear to increase with menopause beyond the effects of normal aging…”.5

Hot Flushes and Night Sweats

Is there an association between menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS) i.e., hot flushes and night sweats and CVD?

In Vasomotor Menopausal Symptoms and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Six Prospective Studies – Conclusion the authors conclude:

“Severity rather than frequency of VMS (hot flushes and night sweats) was associated with increased risk of CVD. VMS with onset before or after menopause were also associated with increased risk of CVD”.6

Prevention

Is CVD preventable?

In What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the JH note:

“You can reduce the risk of heart disease by having a healthy lifestyle.
For example:

  • Eat a healthy and nutritious diet
  • Do regular exercise
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Don’t smoke
  • Limit alcohol intake”.7

Know Your Numbers

What numbers do women (and men) need to know?

In Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life the (United States) Go Red for Women elaborate on:

Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease“Talk to your healthcare provider today to learn about your Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Blood Sugar and BMI (Body Mass Index). Your heart depends on it”.8

Heart Check

What may a heart check include?

In What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health the JH also note:

“You can also see your doctor for a heart check. They will take your blood pressure and test your blood to determine your risk factors. If you have a high risk of heart disease, your doctor may prescribe medication for high blood pressure and cholesterol”.9

WISEWOMAN Program

What is the (United States) WISEWOMAN program?

Your Country may have a program similar to the WISEWOMAN Program. In WISEWOMAN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): What Is the WISEWOMAN Program? the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) elaborate on:

“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) WISEWOMAN program is at the forefront of the nation’s efforts to achieve optimal cardiovascular health for persons 35-64 years old. The program focuses on women who are uninsured, underinsured, or have lower incomes”.10

Health Care Provider

What if I think I have CVD or I have a family history of CVD?

If you think you have CVD or you have a family history of CVD, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this

In Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Go Red for Women note:

“Talk to your health care team about your risk factors and how to prevent cardiovascular disease before, during and after menopause”.11

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. Askearlymenopause.org [Ask EM] [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
  2. Aspirin Use To Prevent Cardiovascular Disease US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
  3. BMS TV: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  4. BMS TV: Menopause – Weight Gain, Nutrition and Lifestyle
  5. CVS Health Screenings [+ Video]
  6. CAMS Menopause Hour: The Menopause Journey: Navigating Cardiometabolic Risk In Women [Council of Affiliated Menopause Societies]
  7. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Heart Attack Warning Signs In Women
  8. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
  9. Cardiovascular Risks May Be Worse for Thinking, Memory Skills In Middle-Aged Women
  10. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  11. Doing These 8 Things May Greatly Lower Risk for Heart Disease and Stroke
  12. Menopause and Cardiovascular DiseaseFactors Impacting Women’s Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan
  13. February Is American Heart Month
  14. Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
  15. Find An AMS Doctor [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
  16. Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
  17. Flavonoids Are A Flavorful Way To Boost Heart and Brain Health
  18. Getting Serious About Heart Health
  19. Goredforwomen.org [Go Red for Women, United States]
  20. Guidance on Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  21. Heart Health
  22. Heart Health for Women
  23. Heart Palpitations
  24. Herheart.org
  25. Hot Flushes and Night Sweats Linked To 70 Per Cent Increase In Cardiovascular Disease
  26. How Menopause Impacts Your Health
  27. Improving Heart Health At Midlife and Beyond Could Lower Future Risk of Stroke, Dementia
  28. Is Menopause Making Me Put on Weight? No, But It’s Complicated
  29. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause
  30. KnowDiabetesbyHeart
  31. Know Your Numbers
  32. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – After the Menopause [Other Languages and Formats]
  33. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Early and Premature Menopause [Other Languages and Formats]
  34. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Menopause [+ Video: Menopause Myths] [Other Languages and Formats]
  35. Menopause and Cardiovascular DiseaseLet’s Talk About Perimenopause
  36. Life’s Essential 8
  37. Looking After Yourself
  38. Mayo Clinic Minute: Are You Getting Enough Sleep for Your Best Heart Health? [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  39. Mayo Clinic Minute: Menopause and the Heart Connection [+ Video]
  40. Mayo Clinic Minute: Perimenopause and Menopause [+ Video]
  41. Mayo Clinic Minute: Signs of Coronary Artery Disease, How To Reduce Your Risk [+ Video]
  42. Mayo Clinic Minute: The Link Between Heart Disease and Stroke
  43. Mayo Clinic Minute: What Women Need To Know About Stroke [+ Video]
  44. Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Heart Disease and Stroke
  45. Menopause
  46. Menopause
  47. Menopause Can Bring Increased Cholesterol Levels and Other Heart Risks. Here’s Why and What To Do About It
  48. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
  49. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Symptom Tracker
  50. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 2. Talking To Your GP About Menopause
  51. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated with Menopause and Midlife
  52. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Lifestyle Tips for Menopause Wellness
  53. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: What Is Menopause?
  54. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit: A Woman’s Empowerment Guide
  55. Menopause and Cardiovascular Risk
  56. Menopause: Ensuring A Tranquil Transition
  57. Menopause: Things You Can Do
  58. Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 256
  59. Million Hearts
  60. Mymenoplan.org [My Menoplan, United States]
  61. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cardiovascular Disease
  62. Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245 [Video]
  63. Navigating Menopause: Honest Answers To All Your Questions [+ Video: What To Expect in Menopause]
  64. People Who Follow These 8 Heart Health Metrics May Live Years Longer
  65. Perimenopause
  66. Perimenopause
  67. Q&A: Health Changes During Menopause Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Risk
  68. Read My Lips
    Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease
  69. Risk Factors
  70. Staying Healthy During and After Menopause
  71. Smokefreewomen [United States]
  72. Stroke
  73. Taking It To Heart: Addressing Cardiovascular Disease In Women [Video]
  74. The Connection Between Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risks
  75. The Heart Truth [National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States]
  76. The Menopausal Transition Period and Cardiovascular Risk
  77. The Slowly Evolving Truth About Heart Disease and Women
  78. The Truth About Menopause Supplements | Dr Sarah Berry [Video]
  79. Tips To Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
  80. Using Natural Therapies In the Menopause Transition – Webinar
  81. Video Series-2023: Menopause and Heart Disease
  82. Video Series-2023: NAMS 2023 Nonhormone Therapies Position Statement for Bothersome Menopause Symptoms
  83. Video Series-2023: New FDA-Approved Nonhormone Option for the Treatment of Hot Flashes
  84. Video Series-2023: Premature and Early Menopause
  85. Video Series-2024: Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  86. Video: Leslie Cho, MD, Discusses CV Risks, Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  87. Videos & Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Cardiovascular Disease In Women
  88. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Heart Disease, Risk Factors of Developing Heart Disease, and Can I Take Hormones?
  89. WISEWOMAN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
  90. Webinars: Previous – Cardiovascular Disease
  91. Webinars: Previous – Non-Hormonal Pharmacological Interventions For VMS
  92. Webinars: Previous – Non-Pharmacological Interventions For VMS
  93. Webinars: Previous – The Heart of the Matter
  94. What Is Cardiovascular Disease?
    Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease
  95. Womenheart.org [WomenHeart, United States]
  96. World Heart Day [29 September]
  97. World Menopause Day
    Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease
  98. World Menopause Day: Patient Information Leaflet – Cardiovascular Disease: What Women Need To Know [Multiply Languages]
  99. World Stroke Day
    Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 18 May 2024
  2. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): What Are Cardiovascular Diseases? 11 June 2021. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) Accessed: 18 May 2024
  3. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 18 May 2024
  4. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 18 May 2024
  5. Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Last Reviewed: 27 July 2021. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/menopause/menopause-and-cardiovascular-risk Accessed: 18 May 2024
  6. Zhu, D., Chung, H-F., Dobson, A. J., El Khoudary, S. E., Crawford, S., Mishra, G. D. eta al. Vasomotor Menopausal Symptoms and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Six Prospective Studies – Conclusion. 22 June 2020. https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(20)30664-5/pdf Accessed: 18 May 2024
  7. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 18 May 2024
  8. Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/know-your-numbers Accessed: 18 May 2024
  9. What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 18 May 2024
  10. WISEWOMAN Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): What Is the WISEWOMAN Program? 16 November 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/php/faqs/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/faqs.htm Accessed: 18 May 2024
  11. Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Last Reviewed: 27 July 2021. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/know-your-risk/menopause/menopause-and-cardiovascular-risk Accessed: 18 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 28 June 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 18 May 2024

/by

Women’s Health Research

“Women are more prone than men to some risk factors that cause heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and dementia. Women have higher rates of obesity…”.1

Umbrella

What may the Women’s Health Research Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Women’s Health News
  • Women’s Health Research

Definition

What is women’s health research?

In What Is Women’s Health Research? the (United States National Institutes of Health (NIH)) Office of Research on Women’s Health’s (ORWH) elaborate on:

“The field has expanded far beyond its roots in reproductive health and includes the study of health throughout the lifespan and across the spectrum of scientific investigations: from basic research and laboratory studies to molecular research, genetics, and clinical trials. Researchers are investigating healthy lifestyles and behavior, risk reduction, and disease prevention, and searching for the best ways to diagnose and treat chronic conditions”.2

Research

How is women’s health research important?

The ORWH explain:

“A person’s health is influenced throughout their lifespan by many factors. Some of the most important factors include sex, gender, racial ethnicity, culture, environment, and socioeconomic status. Researchers are discovering the critical roles that sex (being male or female) and gender identity (including social and cultural factors) play in health, wellness, and disease progression. The discoveries being made through the study of women’s health and sex differences are key to advancements in personalized medicine for both sexes”.3

Women

Are women represented in research?

In Health Equity: Why Is Equity In Women’s Health Important? the American Heart Association’s Go Red for Women note:

“Let’s take bias out of the health equation.

  • Women are underrepresented in research, which means there’s a lot we still don’t know
  • Women are not receiving optimal treatment, which comes from lack of access and/or lack of knowledge
  • Women are grossly underrepresented in STEM careers–we need to close that gap”.4

What is STEM?

STEM may be an abbreviation for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.

Office of Research on Women’s Health

What is ORWH?

In Office of Research on Women’s Health: About ORWH the ORWH elaborate on:

“Established in 1990, the Office of Research on Women’s Health serves as the focal point for women’s health research at the National Institutes of Health. For over thirty years, ORWH has worked across the NIH and beyond to advance our understanding of sex and gender as influences in health and disease, support women in biomedical careers, and stimulate research to improve the health of women”.5

Society for Women’s Health Research

What is the (United States) Society for Women’s Health Research (SWHR)?

The SWHR explain:

“The Society for Women’s Health Research (SWHR) is the thought leader in promoting research on biological sex differences in disease and improving women’s health through science, policy, and education. We are making women’s health mainstream”.6

Women’s Health

Women’s Health Research What sex and gender differences are there in many diseases and conditions?

According to the ORWH:

“There are striking sex and gender differences in many diseases and conditions, including:

  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Cancer
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Depression and brain disorders
  • Diabetes
  • Infectious diseases
  • Obesity
  • Substance abuse disorders”.7

Risk Factors

What risk factors are women more prone to than men?

In Health Equity: Path To Parity Go Red for Women explain:

“Women are more prone than men to some risk factors that cause heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and dementia. Women have higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Factors related to reproductive health increase a woman’s risk of CVD – early menarche, early menopause, miscarriages, and complications of pregnancy like preeclampsia and gestational diabetes”.8

Equity

Why is equity important in women’s health?

In Health Equity: Path To Parity Go Red for Women elaborate on:

“Societal factors impact a woman’s ability to live a healthy lifestyle and access quality, affordable healthcare. Low income and women with less education have nearly double the rate of disease. Where you live can greatly impact your health. Life expectancy can differ by 20+ years for people living just 5 miles apart because accessible options for healthy living are often limited near neighborhoods with lower economic stability”.9

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help to find out what women’s health research is applicable to me?

If you would like help to find out what women’s health research is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Women’s Health Research?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Women’s Health Research?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Women’s Health Research

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. A New Study Highlights the Inability of Most Animal Models To Accurately Translate Features of Female Aging
  2. All of Us Research Program [United States]
  3. Applewomenshealthstudy [Apple Women’s Health Study]
  4. Applewomenshealthstudy [Apple Women’s Health Study]: Frequently Asked Questions
  5. Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health [Women’s Health Australia]
  6. Beyond the Stigma: Obesity’s Impact on Women’s Health
  7. Black Women’s Health Imperative Anniversary Week, 23-29 September 2024
  8. Black Women’s Health Imperative Releases National Health Policy Agenda
  9. Case Reports In Women’s Health
  10. Cleveland Clinic Launches New Women’s Comprehensive Health and Research Center
  11. Closing the Clinical Trials Disparity Gap
  12. Closing the Women’s Health Gap: A $1 Trillion Opportunity To Improve Lives and Economies
  13. Coverage and Access Issues Affecting Women Living With Autoimmune Diseases
  14. Diagnostic Screenings May Help Reveal the Power of Preventative Health
  15. Discoverwhr.nih.gov [Discover WHR] [Women’s Health Research, National Institutes of Health, United States]
  16. Diverse Women In Clinical Trials
  17. Ensuring Quality and Ethics of Research on FGM: New WHO Guidance Out Now
  18. Evidence-Based Medicine: Feminist Criticisms and Implications for Women’s Health
  19. FACT SHEET: President Joe Biden To Announce First-Ever White House Initiative on Women’s Health Research, An Effort Led By First Lady Jill Biden and the White House Gender Policy Council
  20. Fifth Edition of the Health of Women of U3 Populations Data Book Is Now Available!
  21. Forward [Foundation for Women’s Health Research and Development, United Kingdom]
  22. Getting at the Heart of Needs In Women’s Heart Health
  23. HER Centre Australia
  24. Health Disparities Research Institute
  25. Health Equity
  26. How Gaps In Research Lead To Gaps In Care for Aging Women
  27. How Science Evolved Its Views on Women’s Health
  28. How Sex and Gender Affect Health and Why Knowing Matters
  29. How Sexism Hinders Brain Research
  30. In Focus: International Day of Women and Girls In Science
  31. Institute for Global Health – Changing Lives Around the World
  32. Institute for Global Health – Research
  33. InterLACE
  34. International Day of Women and Girls In Science
  35. It’s Time To Expand the Definition of ‘Women’s Health’
  36. Mayo Clinic Q&A Podcast: Addressing Equity In Clinical Trials [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  37. Mayo Clinic Study Finds Differences In How Men and Women Perceive Their Own Health
  38. Mayo Clinic Women’s Health Research Center
  39. Medical Studies Focus More on Men Than Women. Do the Reasons for That Stack Up? [+ Video]
  40. Menopause Preparedness Perspectives for Patient, Provider, and Policymaker Consideration
  41. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series
  42. Menopause Relief In the Spotlight Thanks To Monash University-Led Studies [Australia]
  43. Menopause: Potential Impact on Clinical Pharmacology and Opportunities for Future Research
  44. Meta-Research: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study of Sex Inclusion In the Biological Sciences
  45. Mymenoplan.org [My Menoplan, United States]
  46. NIH-Wide Strategic Plan for Research on the Health of Women
    Women’s Health Research
  47. National Institutes of Health Women In Biomedical Careers
  48. National Women’s Health Survey [Australia]
  49. National Women’s Health Week [12-18 May 2024, United States]
  50. Nurseshealthstudy.org [Nurses Health Study, United States]
  51. ORWH Quarterly Publication: Women’s Health In Focus At NIH [Office of Research on Women’s Health, National Institutes of Health, United States]
  52. Obesity Disparities In Women and Factors Impacting Health Outcomes
  53. Office of Autoimmune Disease Research (OADR-ORWH) [United States]
  54. Office of Research on Women’s Health [United States]
  55. Office of Women’s Health [United States]
  56. Pearls of Wisdom
  57. Preliminary Findings From the Apple Women’s Health Study Help Advance the Conversation and Science Around Menstrual Cycles
  58. Pwhr.org [Partnership for Women’s Health Research Canada]
  59. Researchers Develop Tool Predicting Women’s Health Risks To Promote Health Interventions
  60. Science Saturday: What Happens In Medical Research Before Clinical Trials Begin?
  61. Sex & Gender
  62. Sex Matters: Medical Research Overlooks Women
  63. Sex and Gender In Health and Disease
  64. Society for Women’s Health Research [United States]
  65. Society for Women’s Health Research [United States]: Menopause Preparedness Toolkit: A Woman’s Empowerment Guide
  66. Society for Women’s Health Research [United States]: Women’s Health Equity Initiative
  67. Specialized Centers of Research Excellence on Sex Differences (U54 Clinical Trial Optional) [United States]
  68. The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health
  69. The Australian Women’s Midlife Years (AMY) Study
  70. The Impact of Symptoms Attributed To Menopause By Australian Women
  71. The Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study: A Longitudinal Prospective Study of Women During the Menopausal Transition and Early Postmenopause
  72. Utilization Management Policies and Autoimmune Diseases: A Women’s Health Issue
  73. Understandinghealthresearch.org [Understanding Health Research, United Kingdom]
  74. Wellbeingofwomen.org.uk [Wellbeing of Women, United Kingdom]
  75. What Is Women’s Health Research?
  76. Whi.org [Women’s Health Initiative, United States]
  77. Women’s Cancer Research Foundation [United States]
  78. Women’s Health
  79. Women’s Health
  80. Women’s Health
  81. Women’s Health
  82. Women’s Health
  83. Women’s Health
  84. Women’s Health
  85. Women’s Health [Journal]
  86. Women’s Health Concern [Patient Arm of the British Menopause Society]
  87. Women’s Health Economics: Investing In the 51 per Cent
  88. Women’s Health Research
  89. Women’s Health Research
  90. Women’s Health Research
  91. Women’s Health Research Cluster
  92. Women’s Health Research Institute At BC Women’s [British Columbia, Canada]
  93. Women’s Health Research Institute [Northwestern University, United States]
  94. Women’s Health Research Program [Monash University, Australia]
  95. Women’s Health Research Roadmap: From the FDA Office of Women’s Health (OWH) [Food and Drug Administration, United States]
  96. Women’s Health Week [2-6 September 2024, Australia]
  97. Women’s Health: Where Politics and Science Meet

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Health Equity: Path To Parity. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/get-involved/health-equity Accessed: 17 May 2024
  2. What Is Women’s Health Research? National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women’s Health https://orwh.od.nih.gov/research/funded-research-and-programs/what-womens-health-research Accessed: 17 May 2024
  3. What Is Women’s Health Research? National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women’s Health https://orwh.od.nih.gov/research/funded-research-and-programs/what-womens-health-research Accessed: 17 May 2024
  4. Health Equity: Why Is Equity In Women’s Health Important? Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/get-involved/health-equity Accessed: 17 May 2024
  5. Office of Research on Women’s Health: About ORWH. National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women’s Health https://orwh.od.nih.gov/about Accessed: 17 May 2024
  6. Society for Women’s Health Research http://swhr.org/ Accessed: 17 May 2024
  7. What Is Women’s Health Research? National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women’s Health https://orwh.od.nih.gov/research/funded-research-and-programs/what-womens-health-research Accessed: 17 May 2024
  8. Health Equity: Path To Parity. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/get-involved/health-equity Accessed: 17 May 2024
  9. Health Equity: Path To Parity. Go Red for Women https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/get-involved/health-equity Accessed: 17 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 06 October 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 17 May 2024

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Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis

“…HRT has been shown to have an effective role
in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Bisphosphonates are considered as first-line options…”.1

Umbrella
What may the Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  • Hormone Therapy (HT)
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  • Osteoporosis
  • Postmenopause Osteoporosis
  • Thin Bones

Bone Loss Prevention

Is hormone therapy (HT) approved for prevention of bone loss?

On page 775 in The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Osteoporosis – Key Points, published July 2022 and “endorsed by more than 20 well-respected international organizations”, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) note:

  • “Hormone therapy is FDA approved for prevention of bone loss, but not for treatment of osteoporosis. (Level I)”.2

What is FDA?

FDA can be an abbreviation for the (United States) Food and Drug Administration.

What is Level I?

In this context “Level I: Based on good and consistent scientific evidence”.

Early Menopause

What is one of the highlights about early menopause included in the 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of the North American Menopause Society?

On page one in The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement, published 07 July 2022, one of the highlights is:

  • “Women with primary ovarian insufficiency and premature or early menopause have higher risks of bone loss, heart disease, and cognitive or affective disorders associated with estrogen deficiency. It is recommended that hormone therapy can be used until at least the mean age of menopause unless there is a contraindication to its use”.3

Early Menopause and Breast Cancer Risk

What is one of the recommendations included in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause?

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

  • “Women with POI and early menopause (40–45 years old) should be advised that HRT is unlikely to increase risk of breast cancer in younger menopausal women under the age of 50”.4

Postmenopausal Bone Loss

Does HT prevent bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women?

On page 775 in The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Osteoporosis – Key Points the NAMS include:

  • “Hormone therapy prevents bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women, with dose-related effects on bone density. (Level I)”.5

Postmenopausal Fracture Risk

Does HT reduce fracture risk in healthy postmenopausal women?

On page 775 in The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Osteoporosis – Key Points the NAMS include:

  • “Hormone therapy reduces fracture risk in healthy postmenopausal women. (Level I)”.6

Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Can HT be used in the prevention of osteoporosis?

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis

  • “Bisphosphonates are considered as first-line options for most patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis due to their broad spectrum of anti-fracture efficacy”.7

Bisphosphonates

What are bisphosphonates?

DotS the definition of bisphosphonates may vary. In Bisphosphonates: What Are Biphosphenates? Drugs.com elaborate on:

“Bisphosphonates are a group of medicines that slow down or prevent bone loss, strengthening bones. Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclasts which are responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing minerals such as calcium from bone (the process is known as bone resorption). Bisphosphonates allow osteoblasts (bone building cells) to work more effectively, improving bone mass”.8

Health Care Provider

What if I choose to use HT?

If you choose to use HT it may be in your best interest to also choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

On page two in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:

  • “The decision whether to take HRT, the dose and duration of its use should be made on an individualised basis after discussing the benefits and risks with each patient. This should be considered in the context of the overall benefits obtained from using HRT including symptom control and improving quality of life as well as considering the bone and cardiovascular benefits associated with HRT use”.9

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. Ask Early Menopause.org
  2. BMS & WHC’s 2020 Recommendations on Hormone Replacement Therapy In Menopausal Women
  3. BMS TV: Bioidentical Hormones
  4. Hormone Therapy and OsteoporosisBMS TV: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  5. BMS TV: Osteoporosis
  6. Bioidentical Hormones
  7. Bisphosphonates
  8. Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation [United States]
  9. Bonetalk.org [Bone Talk, Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation, United States]
  10. Bones and Beyond: The Benefits of Self-Care for Both Body and Mind
  11. Build Better Bones.org [International Osteoporosis Foundation]
  12. Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy [Video]
  13. Deciding About Hormone Therapy
  14. Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
  15. Dr Louise Newson: The Truth About the Menopause & HRT
  16. HRT
  17. HRT & Menopause Extra
  18. HRT – Types, Doses and Regimens
  19. HRT: Benefits and Risks
  20. Health After Menopause
  21. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  22. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) With Dr Nicky Peel & Prof. David Armstrong
  23. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Types of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  24. Hormone Therapy In Postmenopausal Persons: Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions
  25. Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
  26. I Forgot To Ask the Doctor – E9: The Menopause. Can Every Woman That Wants It Have HRT?
  27. Index To Drug-Specific Information [United States]
  28. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause
  29. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – After the Menopause [Other Languages and Formats]
  30. Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) [+ Video: Is HRT Bad for You?] [Other Languages and Formats]
  31. Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease After the Menopause
  32. Making Choices At Menopause
  33. May Is Osteoporosis Awareness Month
    Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis
  34. Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  35. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
  36. Menopause
  37. Menopause
  38. Menopause
  39. Menopause
  40. Menopause and Natural Therapies
  41. Menopause Management Options: Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
  42. Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
  43. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 2. Talking To Your GP About Menopause
  44. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 3. The Risks & Benefits of HRT
  45. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 4. The Different Types of HRT
  46. Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 5. Lifestyle Advice In Menopause & Perimenopause
  47. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated With Menopause and Midlife
  48. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Lifestyle Tips for Menopause
  49. Menopause Symptoms: Mayo Clinic Expert Outlines Hormone and Nonhormonal Therapies
  50. Menopause Treatments: What Works, What Doesn’t
  51. Menopause: Diagnosis & Treatment
  52. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Benefits and Risks of HRT [NICE Guideline]
  53. Menopause: Diagnosis and Management – Information for the Public: Questions To Ask About Menopause [NICE Guideline]
  54. Menopause: Ensuring A Tranquil Transition
  55. Menopause: Symptoms & Causes
  56. Menopause: Things You Can Do
  57. Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 256
  58. Mymenoplan.org [My Menoplan, United States]
  59. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Herbs At A Glance
  60. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Natural Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Safer, or Better
  61. National Osteoporosis Month [May, United States]
  62. Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245
  63. Osteoporosis
  64. Osteoporosis
  65. Osteoporosis
  66. Osteoporosis Treatment: A-Z of Osteoporosis Treatments
  67. Osteoporosis Treatment: Medications Can Help
  68. Osteoporosis: Bone Health Following Menopause
  69. Pathtogoodbonehealth.org [Your Path To Good Bone Health, Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation, United States]
    Hormone Therapy and Osteoporosis
  70. Postmenopause
  71. Risks and Benefits of MHT
  72. Screening for Osteoporosis
  73. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause
  74. The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement
  75. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice
  76. Tips To Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
  77. Treatment
  78. Treatment
  79. Updates on Exercise and Lifestyle Tips for Bone Strength With Joanne Fagerstrom, PT CFP
  80. Video Series-2022: Hormone Therapy: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
  81. Video Series-2023: Premature and Early Menopause [13 December 2023]
  82. Video Series-2024: Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
  83. Videos & Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Preventing Bone Loss At Menopause
  84. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Prevention of Chronic Diseases In Women: Where Does MHT Fit In?
  85. Videos and Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: The Women’s Health Initiative – What Can We Believe?
  86. Webinars: Previous – Approach To Bone Health In the Perimenopause and Postmenopause?
  87. What Are the Benefits and Risks of HRT?
  88. Why Didn’t Anyone Tell Me This? Episode 3: Dr Annice Mukherjee: Your Essential Menopause Toolkit
  89. What Is A Bone Density Test (DXA Scan)
  90. World Menopause Day 2021: Bone Health
  91. Worldosteoporosisday.org [World Osteoporosis Day]

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 May 2024
  2. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Osteoporosis – Key Points. July 2022: 775. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 16 May 2024
  3. The North American Menopause Society Releases Its 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement. 07 July 2022:1. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/press-release/ht-position-statement-release.pdf Accessed: 16 May 2024
  4. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 May 2024
  5. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Osteoporosis – Key Points. July 2022: 775. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 16 May 2024
  6. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Osteoporosis – Key Points. July 2022: 775. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement.pdf Accessed: 16 May 2024
  7. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 May 2024
  8. Bisphosphonates: What Are Bisphosphonates? Drugs.com https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/bisphosphonates.html Accessed: 16 May 2024
  9. Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 16 May 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 16 May 2024

/by

Violence Against Women

If you think your computer is being monitored,
it may be in your best interest to choose to
close this topic immediately.Meno Martha

Umbrella
What may the Violence Against Women Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Abuse
  • Abused Women
  • Battered Women
  • Digital Abuse
  • Domestic Abuse/Violence
  • Emotional Abuse
  • Financial Abuse
  • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
  • Partner Abuse/Violence
  • Physical Abuse/Violence
  • Reproductive Coercion
  • Safety and Relationships
  • Sexual Abuse/Violence
  • Spousal Abuse/Violence
  • Violence Against Women

Definition

What is violence against women?

DotS the definition of violence against women may vary. The United Nations General Assembly’s definition is:

“In 1993, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (A/RES/48/104). The Declaration defines violence against women as ‘any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life’”.1

Common or Not

How common is violence against women?

In Violence Against Women: Key Facts dated 25 March 2024, the World Health Organization include:

  • “Estimates published by WHO indicate that globally about 1 in 3 (30%) of women worldwide have been subjected to either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime
  • Most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (27%) of women aged 15-49 years who have been in a relationship report that they have been subjected to some form of physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner”.2

In the United States according to a statistic quoted by the (United States) National Domestic Violence Hotline in Domestic Violence Statistics: General Statistics:

“An average of 24 people per minute are victims of rape, physical violence or stalking by an intimate partner in the United States — more than 12 million women and men over the course of a single year”.3

In the United Kingdom according to the Refuge in Facts and Statistics: The Facts Tell A Clear Story…

“Fact: The police receive a domestic abuse-related call every 30 seconds.

Fact: 1 in 4 women in England and Wales will experience domestic abuse in her lifetime.

Fact: On average, 2 women a week are killed by a current or former partner in England and Wales”.4

Domestic Violence/Abuse

What is domestic violence/abuse?

DotS the definition of domestic violence may vary. In Understand Relationship Abuse: We’re All Affected By the Issue of Domestic Violence – Abuse Defined the National Domestic Violence Hotline’s definition is:

“Domestic violence (also referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV), dating abuse, or relationship abuse) is a pattern of behaviors used by one partner to maintain power and control over another partner in an intimate relationship”.5

In Signs of Domestic Abuse: Spotting the Signs – Types of Domestic Abuse the Refuge explain:

  • “Psychological/emotional abuse: Includes name-calling, threats and manipulation, blaming you for the abuse or ‘gas-lighting’ you
  • Coercive control: When an abuser uses a pattern of behaviour over time to exert power and control. It is a criminal offence
  • Physical abuse: This isn’t only hitting. He might restrain you or throw objects. He might pinch or shove you and claim it’s a ‘joke’
  • Tech abuse: He might send abusive texts, demand access to your devices, track you with spyware, or share images of you online
  • Economic abuse: Controlling your access to money or resources. He might take your wages, stop you working, or put you in debt without your knowledge or consent
  • Sexual abuse: This doesn’t have to be physical. He might manipulate, deceive or coerce you into doing things you don’t want to do”.6

Pattern

Can domestic violence have a pattern?

Yes. In Domestic Violence Against Women: Recognize Patterns, Seek Help – Recognize Domestic Violence the (United States) Mayo Clinic elaborate on how to recognize domestic violence patterns.

Who

Who can domestic violence happen to?

The National Domestic Violence Hotline explain:


Violence Against Women
“Domestic violence doesn’t discriminate. People of any race, age, gender, sexuality, religion, education level, or economic status can be a victim — or perpetrator — of domestic violence. That includes behaviors that physically harm, intimidate, manipulate, or control a partner or otherwise force them to behave in ways they don’t want to. This can happen through physical violence, threats, emotional abuse, or financial control”.7

Facts

What are facts about violence against women everyone should know?

In International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women 25 November: Why We Must Eliminate Violence Against Women the United Nations elaborate on:

“Violence against women and girls (VAWG) remains largely unreported due to the impunity, silence, stigma and shame surrounding it.

In general terms, it manifests itself in physical, sexual and psychological forms, encompassing:

  • Intimate partner violence (battering, psychological abuse, marital rape, femicide)
  • sexual violence and harassment (rape, forced sexual acts, unwanted sexual advances, child sexual abuse, forced marriage, street harassment, stalking, cyber- harassment)
  • Human trafficking (slavery, sexual exploitation)
  • Female genital mutilation; and
  • Child marriage”.8

Intimate Partner Violence

What is intimate partner violence (IPV)?

DotS the definition of IPV may vary. In Relationships and Safety: Domestic or Intimate Partner Violence the Womenshealth.gov’s definition is:

“Domestic violence is sometimes called intimate partner violence. It includes physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, as well as sexual coercion and stalking by a current or former intimate partner. An intimate partner is a person with whom you have or had a close personal or sexual relationship. Intimate partner violence affects millions of women each year in the United States”.9

In Intimate Partner Violence Prevention: About Intimate Partner Violence – What Is Intimate Partner Violence? the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition is:

“Intimate partner violence (IPV) is abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship. Intimate partner refers to both current and former spouses and dating partners.

IPV can vary in how often it happens and how severe it is. It can range from one episode of violence to chronic and severe episodes over multiple years”.10

Female Genital Mutilation

What is female genital mutilation (FGM)?

DotS the definition of FGM may vary. In International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, 6 February: Ending Female Genital Mutilation By 2023 the United Nation’s definition is:

“Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve altering or injuring the female genitalia for non-medical reasons and is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights, the health and the integrity of girls and women”.11

LGBTQ Violence

What is LGBTQ+?

DotS LGBTQ+ can be an abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Plus.

Is abuse in LGBTQ+ relationships, similar to their heterosexual peers?

In Abuse In LGBTQ+ Communities the National Domestic Violence Hotline elaborate on:

“While abuse among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning “plus” (LGBTQ+) people occurs at the same rates and in similar ways as their heterosexual peers, LGBTQ+ people may face forms of abuse or barriers to accessing support specifically based on prejudices against their gender expression or sexuality”.12

In Domestic Violence Against Women: Recognize Patterns, Seek Help the (United States) Mayo Clinic also note:

“If you’re in a same-sex relationship or if you’re bisexual or transgender, you might also be experiencing abuse if you’re in a relationship with someone who:

  • Threatens to tell friends, family, colleagues or community members your sexual orientation or gender identity
  • Tells you that authorities won’t help you because of your sexuality or gender identity
  • Justifies abuse by questioning your sexuality or gender identity”.13

Elder Abuse

What is elder abuse?

Dots the definition of elder abuse may vary. In Abuse In Later Life the (United States) National Clearinghouse on Abuse In Later Life’s (NCALL) definition includes:

“Abuse in later life and elder abuse are terms used to describe harm to older adults. Abuse in later life and elder abuse can happen to any older adult and can occur in any setting and across all communities and backgrounds”.14

Help

What if I need help?

In Domestic Violence and Abuse: Getting Help and Support for Domestic Violence the (United Kingdom) NHS elaborate on:

“You do not have to wait for an emergency situation to find help. If domestic abuse is happening to you, it’s important to tell someone and remember you’re not alone”.15

Emergency Help

What if I need help in an emergency or if I am in immediate danger?

If you need help in an emergency or if you are in immediate danger, call the Police.

Local Help

What if I would like local help?

If you would like local help your health care provider, local community health center, national and/or state Domestic Violence Helpline may be able to provide you with information/referral/support to resources/services close to you such as:

  • Community Advocacy e.g. Childcare, Employment Resources, Permanent Housing
  • Counseling
  • Customized and Multicultural Services
  • Emergency Shelter/Women’s Refuge
  • Legal Advocacy
  • Support Groups
  • Transitional Housing

Hotline/Helpline

Do some countries have a 24/7 National Domestic Violence hotline/helpline to call?

Yes. Your country may have a hotline/helpline similar to the United States’ 24/7 National Domestic Violence Hotline, Australia’s 24/7 National Sexual Assault, Domestic Family Violence Counselling Service 1800RESPECT or in the United Kingdom, Refuge’s The Freephone, 24-Hour National Domestic Abuse Helpline.

It is important to note different countries can have different National Domestic Violence hotline/helpline numbers to call. It may therefore be in your best interest to choose to check what the number is for you in your country.

Phone Bill

Even though hotline/helpline calls may be free, can they appear on phone bills?

Depending on the Country, they may. If you think your phone bill may be checked, call from a friend’s phone, a work phone or what you consider a safe phone.

Website Escape Button

Can some violence against women website pages include an escape or exit button as a way to immediately leave the site?

Yes. In the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov’s section Relationships and Safety: Escape, topics may include an escape button on the left side of the page which instructs:

“Click the escape button above to immediately leave this site if your abuser may see you reading it”.16

Helpline Links

Where may I find Helpline Links?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Helpline Links (in alphabetical order)

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Violence Against Women?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Violence Against Women Links

Where may I find Links related to Violence Against Women?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. 10 Signs You’re In A Codependent Relationship, and What To Do About It
  2. 16 Days of Activism [25 November – 10 December]
  3. 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence [25 November – 10 December 2023]
  4. 1800RESPECT.org [National Sexual Assault, Domestic Family Violence Counselling Service, Australia]
  5. A History of Stressors and Childhood Trauma May Predict Worse Menopausal Symptoms and Well-Being
  6. About Domestic Abuse
  7. Abuse In LGBTQ+ Communities
  8. Abuse In Later Life
  9. Abuse of Older Persons
  10. Are You Experiencing Domestic Abuse? You Are Not Alone
  11. Become A Signal for Help Responder
  12. Date Rape Drugs
  13. Domesticshelters.org [Directory of Programs and Shelters for United States and Canada]
  14. Domestic Violence
  15. Domestic Violence Against Women: Recognize Patterns, Seek Help
  16. Domestic Violence and Abuse [+ Video: Domestic Violence]
  17. Ending Female Genital Mutilation By 2030: 2024 Theme: Her Voice. Her Future
    Violence Against Women
  18. Episode 19: Psychopaths and Sexual Misconduct Perpetrators: Common Traits
  19. FAQs: Intimate Partner Violence
  20. Facts and Figures: Ending Violence Against Women
  21. Female Genital Mutilation
  22. Female Genital Mutilation
  23. Female Genital Mutilation
  24. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) [+ Videos]
  25. Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting
  26. Forward [Foundation for Women’s Health Research and Development, United Kingdom]
  27. Five Essential Facts To Know About Femicide
  28. Frequently Asked Questions: Types of Violence Against Women and Girls
  29. Futureswithoutviolence.org
  30. Global Database on the Prevalence of Violence Against Women
  31. Global Network of Women’s Shelters
  32. How To Identify Abuse
  33. Impact of Violence Against Women on Quality of Life and Menopause-Related Disorders
  34. Intergenerational Abuse, Childhood Violence May Cause Earlier Onset of Menopause
  35. International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence In Conflict, 19 June
  36. International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women [25 November]
  37. International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation [06 February 2024]
  38. International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health: Find A Provider
  39. Intimate Partner Violence Prevention: About Intimate Partner Violence
  40. Intimate Partner Violence Prevention: About Stalking
  41. Intimate Partner Violence Prevention: Risk and Protective Factors
  42. I’m Not Sure If My Relationship Is Healthy
  43. I’m Worried About Someone Else
  44. National Center for Domestic Violence [United Kingdom]
  45. National Domestic Violence Hotline [The Hotline.org]
  46. National Domestic Violence Hotline [The Hotline.org]: Help for Abusive Partners [United States]
  47. National Stalking Awareness Month [January 2024]
  48. Ncall.us [The National Clearing House on Abuse In Later Life (NCALL), United States]
  49. Ncavd.org [National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), United States]
  50. Nomore.org [No More, United States]
  51. Nomore.org [No More, United States]: NO MORE Global Directory
  52. Violence Against Women Nrcdv.org [National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, United States]
  53. Nsvrc.org [National Sexual Violence Resource Center, United States]
  54. Online and Digital Abuse
  55. Patty Brisben Foundation for Women’s Sexual Health
  56. Push Forward: 10 Ways To End Violence Against Women
  57. Putting Survivors At the Forefront of the Global Movement To End Female Genital Mutilation
  58. RAINN.org [Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, United States]
  59. Rapecrisis.og [Rape Crisis England & Wales]
  60. Violence Stygian Women width=Refuge The Freephone, 24 Hour National Domestic Abuse Helpline [United Kingdom]
  61. Relationships and Safety
  62. Relationships and Safety: Am I Being Abused?
  63. Relationships and Safety: Domestic or Intimate Partner Violence
  64. Relationships and Safety: Sexual Assault and Rape
  65. Sexual Violence Prevention
  66. Sexual Violence Prevention: About Sexual Violence [+ Video: What Is Sexual Violence?]
  67. Spotlightinitiative.org [Spotlight Initiative]
  68. Support Someone I Know Who Is Being Abused
  69. Survivor Safety and Connected Cars
  70. Survivors Guide
    Violence Against Women
  71. The Myths
  72. The Pixel Project
  73. The Pixel Project: Domestic Violence Resource Page
  74. The Pixel Project: Female Genital Mutilation Resource Page
  75. The Pixel Project: Resources for Men To Stop Violence Against Women
  76. The Survivor’s Handbook
  77. The Survivor’s Handbook: Additional Languages
  78. The Toll of Control
  79. UNITE To End Violence Against Women Campaign
  80. Understand Relationship Abuse
  81. Verbal Abuse: What It Is, What It Sounds Like and How To Address It
  82. Victimsofcrime.org [National Center for Victims of Crime, United States]: Victim Connect Resource Center
  83. Violence Against Women
  84. Violence Prevention
  85. WHO Calls for Greater Attention To Violence Against Women With Disabilities and Older Women
  86. Watch for Warning Signs of Relationship Violence
  87. What Are the Health Needs of Women With Female Genital Mutilation Going Through Menopause?
  88. What Is A Safety Plan
  89. What Is Domestic Abuse?
  90. What Is Domestic Abuse?
  91. What Is Domestic Abuse?
  92. What Is Gaslighting?
  93. What Is Love Bombing?
  94. What Is Spiritual Abuse?
  95. What Is Violence Against Women?
  96. What Is the Cycle of Abuse and How Do You Break It?
  97. When Your Partner Threatens Suicide
  98. Whiteribbon.org.au [White Ribbon Australia | Prevent Men’s Violence Against Women]
  99. Womensaid.org.uk [Women’s Aid, United Kingdom]

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Violence Against Women (A/RES/48/104). United Nations https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/v-overview.htm Accessed: 15 May 2024
  2. Violence Against Women: Introduction. 25 March 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women Accessed: 15 May 2024
  3. Domestic Violence Statistics: General Statistics. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/stakeholders/domestic-violence-statistics/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  4. The Facts: The Facts Tell A Clear Story… Refuge https://refuge.org.uk/what-is-domestic-abuse/the-facts/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  5. Understand Relationship Abuse: We’re All Affected By the Issue of Domestic Violence – Abuse Defined. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  6. Signs of Domestic Abuse: Spotting the Signs – Types of Domestic Abuse. https://refuge.org.uk/i-need-help-now/how-to-identify-abuse/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  7. Understand Relationship Abuse: We’re All Affected By the Issue of Domestic Violence – Abuse Defined. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  8. International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women 25 November: Why We Must Eliminate Violence Against Women. United Nations https://www.un.org/en/observances/ending-violence-against-women-day Accessed: 15 May 2024
  9. Relationships and Safety: Domestic or Intimate Partner Violence. Page Last Updated: 15 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/domestic-violence Accessed: 15 May 2024
  10. Intimate Partner Violence Prevention: About Intimate Partner Violence – What Is Intimate Partner Violence? 16 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/intimate-partner-violence/about/ Accessed: 09 July 2024
  11. International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, 6 February: Ending Female Genital Mutilation By 2023. United Nations https://www.un.org/en/observances/female-genital-mutilation-day Accessed: 15 May 2024
  12. Abuse In LGBTQ+ Communities. National Domestic Violence Hotline https://www.thehotline.org/resources/abuse-in-lgbtq-communities/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  13. Domestic Violence Against Women: Recognize Patterns, Seek Help. 14 April 2022. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/adult-health/in-depth/domestic-violence/art-20048397 Accessed: 15 May 2024
  14. Abuse In Later Life. National Clearing House on Abuse In Later Life https://www.ncall.us/abuse-in-later-life/ Accessed: 15 May 2024
  15. Domestic Violence and Abuse: Getting Help and Support for Domestic Violence. Page Last Reviewed: 30 December 2022. NHS https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/getting-help-for-domestic-violence/#getting-help-and-support-for-domestic-violence Accessed: 15 May 2024
  16. Relationships and Safety: Escape. Page Last Updated: 15 February 2021. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety Accessed: 15 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 11 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 15 May 2024

/by

Stroke

“Stroke is a leading cause of death for women.
In the United States, 1 in 5 women
between the ages of 55 and 75 will have a stroke”.1

Umbrella

What may the Stroke Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Brain Attack
  • Brain Stroke
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Cerebral Hemorrhage
  • Cerebral Infarction
  • Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
  • Hemorrhagic Stroke
  • Ischemic Stroke
  • Stroke

Definition

What is a stroke?

DotS the definition of a stroke may vary. The American Stroke Association’s (ASA) definition is:

“A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts (or ruptures). When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it and brain cells die”.2

Cause

What causes a stroke?

In Stroke: About Stroke – What It Is the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) elaborate on:

“A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

In either case, parts of the brain become damaged or die. A stroke can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death”.3

Stroke

Risk Factors

What are risk factors for stroke?

In Stroke – Causes, Signs and Symptoms: Are You At Risk of Having A Stroke? the British Heart Foundation (BHF) elaborate on:

“Factors that increase your risk (chance) of having a stroke include:

  • …If you’re aged over 55…”.4

Atrial Fibrillation

Is atrial fibrillation (AF) a risk factor for stroke?

In Stroke – Causes, Signs and Symptoms: Are You At Risk of Having A Stroke? the BHF also note:

  • “If you have a type of irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation (AF) – if you have AF, the top chambers of your heart (your atria) do not pump blood through your heart as well as they should. If the chambers are not emptied properly, this can lead to a blood clot forming within the chamber. If this happens, there’s a risk that it can travel to your brain and block the blood flow”.5

African American Women

Are African American women at higher risk for stroke?

In Stroke: About Women and Stroke – At-Risk Populations: Why Are African American Women At Higher Risk for Stroke? the CDC elaborate on:

“Stroke is a leading cause of death among African American women, who are more likely to die from a stroke than non-Hispanic White women or Hispanic women in the United States. African American people have the highest rate of death due to stroke among all racial and ethnic groups.

  • Almost 3 in 5 African American women are diagnosed with high blood pressure (greater than or equal to 130/80 mm Hg). This is a much higher proportion than White women (almost 2 in 5)…”.6

Common Symptoms

What are the most common symptoms of a stroke?

In Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): What Are Common Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease? the World Health Organization elaborate on:

“The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body. Other symptoms include sudden onset of:

  • Numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body
  • Confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech
  • Difficulty seeing with one or both eyes
  • Difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
  • Severe headache with no known cause; and
  • Fainting or unconsciousness.

People experiencing these symptoms should seek medical care immediately”.7

Women’s Symptoms

What symptoms may women report that are different from the common symptoms?

In Symptoms of A Stroke In Women: How Do I Know If I’m Having A Stroke? Additional Stroke Symptoms That Might Be Seen In Women the American Heart Association’s Go Red for Women elaborate on:

  • “Disorientation and confusion or memory problems
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea or vomiting”.8

Stroke

Emergency Numbers

Can different countries have different emergency telephone numbers?

Different countries can have different emergency telephone numbers. It may therefore be in your best interest to choose to check what your country’s emergency telephone number is.

High Blood PressureStroke

Is there an association between high blood pressure (HBP) and stroke?

In Risk Factors Under Your Control: High Blood Pressure the ASA note:

“High blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke and the most significant controllable risk factor. Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mm Hg”.9

Common or Not

How common is stroke?

In the United States according to the the American Stroke Association in About Stroke:

“Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain. It is the No. 5 cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States”.10

Women

In women, how common is stroke?

In Stroke: About Women and Stroke – Overview the CDC elaborate on:

“Stroke is a leading cause of death for women.1 In the United States, 1 in 5 women between the ages of 55 and 75 will have a stroke.

Surprised? You’re not alone. Many women do not know their risk of having a stroke”.11

Affect

How may a person be affected by stroke?

In Effects of Stroke the ASA explain:

“How you are affected by a stroke depends primarily on the location and the extent of damage to the brain tissue. Because nearly all of the signals from the brain to the body and vice versa cross over on their way to and from the brain, this results in each side of the brain controlling the opposite side of the body”.12

WISEWOMAN

What is the (United States) WISEWOMAN program?

In WISEWOMAN: About WISEWOMAN – Overview the CDC elaborate on:

“The Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for WOMen Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) program extends preventive health services to achieve optimal cardiovascular health for women aged 35-64 who participate in the CDC-funded National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). The program helps participants understand and reduce their risk of CVD and benefit from early detection and treatment”.13

Health Care Provider

What if I think I am at risk of stroke or I have a family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

If you think you are at risk of stroke or you have a family history of CVD, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Prevention of Diseases After Menopause: Cardiovascular Diseases the authors note:

“Screening for CVD at regular intervals after menopause is extremely important. This includes measurement of blood pressure, lipids and perhaps inflammatory markers, BMI, and ascertainment of lifestyle factors such as activity level and smoking status. In addition, a family history of heart disease and stroke is important”.14

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Stroke?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Stroke?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. 5 Things To Know About Stroke
  2. 7 Things To Know About How Stroke Is Different for Women
  3. 7 Things You Can Do To Prevent A Stroke
  4. A Mayo Clinic Expert Explains Aphasia
  5. About Stroke
  6. American Stroke Association
  7. American Stroke Month [May]
  8. Aphasia and Stroke
  9. Ask Your Doctor How You Can Reduce Your Risk
  10. Atherosclerosis and Stroke
  11. Brain Basics: Preventing Stroke
  12. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
  13. Cardiovascular Disease
  14. Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States]
  15. Doing These 8 Things May Greatly Lower Risk for Heart Disease and Stroke
  16. Effects of Stroke
  17. Empoweredtoserve.org [EmPOWERED To Serve]
  18. Goredforwomen.org [Go Red for Women]
  19. Healthy Lifestyle
  20. Heart Attack and Stroke Symptoms: Warnings Signs of Heart Attack, Stroke & Cardiac Arrest
  21. Heart Disease and Stroke
  22. High Blood Pressure
  23. High Blood Pressure and Stroke
  24. High Blood Pressure and Women
  25. Know Stroke. Know the Signs. Act In Time.
  26. Know Your Numbers They Could Just Save Your Life
  27. Know Your Risk
  28. Learn More Stroke Warning Signs and Symptoms
  29. Life’s Essential 8
  30. Long Periods of Sitting Tied To Higher Risk of Stroke
  31. May Is High Blood Pressure Education Month
  32. Mayo Clinic Minute: How To Reduce Your Stroke Risk [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  33. Mayo Clinic Minute: Managing Atrial Fibrillation? [+ Video]
  34. Mayo Clinic Minute: Poor Sleep Can Be Linked To Stroke [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  35. Mayo Clinic Minute: Preventing Stroke [+ Video]
  36. Mayo Clinic Minute: Think ‘FAST’ To Recognize A Stroke [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  37. Mayo Clinic Minute: What Is A Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? [+ Video]?
  38. Mayo Clinic Minute: What Women Need To Know About Stroke [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  39. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated With Menopause and Midlife
  40. Millionhearts.hhs.gov
  41. Mindyourrisks.nih.gov [Mind Your Risks]
  42. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cardiovascular Disease
  43. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: All Disorders
  44. Read My Lips
  45. Recipes [American Heart Association]
  46. Recipes for A Heart-Healthy Lifestyle
  47. Recovery After Stroke
  48. Recovering From A Stroke
  49. Reduce Your Risk of Stroke
  50. Risk Factors
  51. Risk Factors Under Your Control
  52. Stroke
  53. Stroke
  54. Stroke
  55. Stroke
  56. Stroke
  57. Stroke
  58. Stroke
  59. Stroke Information In Other Languages
  60. Stroke Prevention
  61. Stroke Risk Factors
  62. Stroke Symptoms: F A S T
  63. Stroke and Women
  64. Stroke – Causes, Signs and Symptoms
  65. Stroke – Causes, Signs and Symptoms: What Is A Stroke [+ Video]
  66. Stroke – Multiply Languages
  67. Stroke.org [National Stroke Association, United States]
  68. Stroke.org.uk  [Stroke Association, United Kingdom]
  69. Stroke: About Stroke
  70. Stroke: About Women and Stroke
  71. Stroke: Preventing Stroke
  72. Stroke: Stroke Risk Factors
  73. Stroke: Signs and Symptoms
  74. Stroke: What Is A Stroke?
  75. Strokefoundation.org.au [Stroke Foundation, Australia]
  76. Strokes and Brain Health Infographic
  77. TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack)
  78. The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice
  79. Types of Stroke and Treatment
  80. Using Natural Therapies In the Menopause Transition – Webinar
  81. Video Series-2023: Menopause and Heart Disease
  82. Video Series-2023: NAMS 2023 Nonhormone Therapies Position Statement for Bothersome Menopause Symptoms
  83. Video Series-2023: New FDA-Approved Nonhormone Option for the Treatment of Hot Flashes
  84. Videos & Podcasts: Videos – Interviews: Cardiovascular Disease In Women
  85. WISEWOMAN
  86. Watch, Learn and Live: Hemorrhagic Stroke
  87. Watch, Learn and Live: Ischemic Stroke
  88. Watch, Learn and Live: Transient Ischemic Attack
  89. Webinars: Previous – Hormones and Stroke: An Update on Treatment and Risk
  90. What Are the Differences In Left vs. Right Brain Strokes?
  91. What Is A Stroke?
  92. What Is A Stroke? [Multiply Languages]
  93. Women and CVD
  94. Women and Risk of Stroke Infographic
    Stroke
  95. Women and Stroke
  96. World Heart Day [29 September]
    Stroke
  97. World Menopause Day
  98. World Stroke Day [29 October]
    Stroke
  99. World-stroke.org [World Stroke Organization]
  100. Yourethecure.org [You’re the Cure, American Heart Association]

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Stroke: About Women and Stroke – Overview. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/about/women-and-stroke.html Accessed: 04 August 2024
  2. About Stroke: What Is Stroke? American Stroke Association https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke Accessed: 15 May 2024
  3. Stroke: About Stroke – What It Is. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/about/ Accessed: 04 August 2024
  4. Stroke – Causes, Signs and Symptoms: Are You At Risk of Having A Stroke? Page Last Reviewed: February 2024. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/stroke#risk Accessed: 15 May 2024
  5. Stroke – Causes, Signs and Symptoms: Are You At Risk of Having A Stroke? Page Last Reviewed: February 2024. British Heart Foundation https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/stroke#risk Accessed: 15 May 2024
  6. Stroke: About Women and Stroke – At-Risk Populations: Why Are African American Women At Higher Risk for Stroke? 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/about/women-and-stroke.html Accessed: 04 August 2024
  7. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD): What Are Common Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease? 11 June 2021. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) Accessed: 15 May 2024
  8. Symptoms of A Stroke In Women: How Do I Know If I’m Having A Stroke? Additional Stroke Symptoms That Might Be Seen In Women. Last Reviewed: 31 January 2024. American Stroke Association https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/about-heart-disease-in-women/signs-and-symptoms-in-women/symptoms-of-a-stroke Accessed: 15 May 2024
  9. Risk Factors Under Your Control: High Blood Pressure. Last Reviewed: 08 October 2023. American Stroke Association https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-risk-factors/risk-factors-under-your-control Accessed: 15 May 2024
  10. About Stroke. American Stroke Association https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke Accessed: 04 August 2024
  11. Stroke: About Women and Stroke – Overview. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/about/women-and-stroke.html Accessed: 04 August 2024
  12. Effects of Stroke. American Stroke Association https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/effects-of-stroke Accessed: 15 May 2024
  13. WISEWOMAN: About WISEWOMAN – Overview. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/index.htm Accessed: 04 August 2024
  14. Lobo, R. A., Davis, S. R., De Villiers, T. J., Gompel, A., Henderson, V. W., Hodis, H. N., Lumsden, M. A., Mack, W. J., Shapiro, S. and Baber, R. J. Prevention of Diseases After Menopause: Cardiovascular Diseases. 2014:7 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wmd-2014-white-pages-english.pdf Accessed: 15 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 04 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 15 May 2024

/by

Sexually Transmitted Infections

“Once you’ve reached menopause,
just because you can’t get pregnant doesn’t mean
you can’t contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI)”.1

Umbrella

What may the Sexually Transmitted Infections Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Sexually Transmissible Infections
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  • Venereal Diseases (VD)

Terminology

Are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov explain:

“Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs”.2

Sexually Transmitted Infections

What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

DotS the definition of STIs may vary. The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health’s (JH) definition is:

“An STI is an infection spread from one person to another during sex”.3

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

DotS the definition of STDs may vary. The (United States) MedlinePlus’ definition is:

“Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. This is because some STIs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact”.4

How Many

How many STIs are there?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Overview the World Health Organization (WHO) elaborate on:

“More than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites are known to be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Some STIs can also be transmitted from mother-to-child during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Eight pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of STIs. Of these, 4 are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. The other 4 are incurable viral infections: hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV)”.5

Cause

What can cause STIs?

In Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Symptoms & Causes – Causes the (United States) Mayo Clinic note:

“Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by:

  • Bacteria.  Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples of STIs that are caused by bacteria
  • Parasites. Trichomoniasis is an STD caused by a parasite
  • Viruses. STDs caused by viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), the herpes simplex virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS”.6

Human Papillomavirus Virus

What is the human papillomavirus (HPV)?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Genital HPV Infection – Overview: What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) explain:

“HPV is the most common STI. There are many different types of HPV. While most do not cause any health problems, some types can cause genital warts and cancers. Vaccines can stop these health problems from happening. HPV is a different virus than HIV and HSV (herpes)”.7

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts, dated 21 May 2024, the WHO note:


  • “Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311 000 cervical cancer deaths each year”.8

Common or Not

How common are STIs?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts, dated 21 May 2024, the WHO note:

  • “More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15–49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic”.9

Risk

Who can catch an STI?

In Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How To Have Safer Sex the JH explain:

“Practising safer sex can reduce your risk of getting an STI. Anyone can catch an STI. You can’t tell if a sexual partner has an STI. A strong and healthy person may still be infected. Some people may not even know they have an STI.

It’s important to communicate openly and agree on protection before you have sex”.10

Oral Sex

Does oral sex reduce the risk of getting an STI?

According to the JH:

“Note that oral sex doesn’t reduce the risk of getting an STI. Common STIs such as herpes, gonorrhoea and chlamydia can all be transmitted through unprotected oral sex”.11

Menopause

Once women have reached menopause can they still contract a STI?

In Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Reminders and Resources – Safe Sex Rules Still Apply the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) elaborate on:

“Once you’ve reached menopause, just because you can’t get pregnant doesn’t mean you can’t contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI)”.12

In Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Reminders and Resources – Safe Sex Rules Still Apply the NAMS also note:


“Women with severe vaginal atrophy who are sexually active may be at increased risk for STIs since their dry, thin vaginal tissue is susceptible to small tears where infection can begin”.13

Safer Sex

What is safer sex?

DotS the definition of safer sex may vary. In Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Safer Sex the JH’s definition includes:

“Safer sex is not just about protection from unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It’s also about making sure everyone involved feels safe and respected.

Communication is an important part of safer sex. Whether you’re in a long-term relationship or an open relationship with multiple partners, it’s important to talk about consent, contraception and sexual preferences before you have sex. This is also a good time talk about things like boundaries and STIs”.14

Condom

Is a condom the only form of birth control which provides some protection against STIs?

Yes. In Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Contraception – You May Need It Longer Than You May Think: Many Choices for the Midlife Woman the NAMS remind us:

“Remember that only one form of birth control—condom use—provides some protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections”.15

Female Condom

What is a female condom?

DotS the definition of a female condom may vary. In Contraception: Coitally-Dependent Barrier Methods — (c) Female Condom the Australasian Menopause Society explain:

“The female condom is a polyurethane sheath inserted into the vagina prior to intercourse. It is less commonly used than other forms of contraception. They are more expensive than male condoms and have a slightly higher failure rate. They can be purchased online at family planning clinics and also at some pharmacies”.16

In Your Contraceptive Guide: Female Condoms the (United Kingdom) NHS also explain what female condoms are.

Testing

Where may STIs testing be available?

DotC (Depending on the Country) STIs testing may be available from your health care provider or your country’s equivalent of a:

  • Family Planning Center/Clinic
  • Genitourinary Medicine Center/Clinic
  • Sexual Health Center/Clinic
  • Women’s Community Health Center/Clinic
  • Women’s Contraceptive Center/Clinic
  • Women’s Health Center/Clinic

Pap Test

Does a Pap test screen for STIs?

In Sexually Transmitted Infections: Does A Pap Test Screen for STIs? Womenshealth.gov explain:

“No. Pap testing is mainly used to look for cell changes that could be cancer or precancer. However, your doctor may test you for HPV in addition to doing the Pap test if you are older than 30.

If you want to be tested for STIs, you must ask your doctor or nurse”.17

HIV

Is there an association between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and STIs?

In HIV: How HIV Spreads – Risk Factors: Other Sexually Transmitted Infections the CDC note:

“If you have another sexually transmitted infection (STI), you may be more likely to get or transmit HIV. Getting tested and treated for STIs can lower your chances of getting or transmitting HIV and other STIs. If you’re sexually active, you and your partner(s) should get tested for STIs, even if you don’t have symptoms”.18

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help with safer sex and/or female condoms?

If you would like help with safer sex and/or female condoms it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.

In Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): What To Do If You Have An STI the JH also explains:

“If you are diagnosed with an STI, it’s important to follow the treatment recommended by your doctor. Take the full course of medicines even if you start to feel better and symptoms disappear.

It’s also important to tell anyone you’ve recently had sexual contact with so they can be tested and treated too.

If you find this hard, the following websites have tips on how to tell your partner and ways you can send an SMS or text without them knowing it’s from you:

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Sexually Transmitted Infections?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Sexually Transmitted Infections?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. Are STIs and STDs the Same Thing?
  2. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
  3. Chlamydia
  4. Chlamydia
  5. Condoms
  6. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Science Conversation: Science In 5: Episode #96 – Mpox Update
  7. FAQs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis
  8. FAQs: Genital Herpes
  9. FAQs: How To Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  10. FAQs: Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection and Vaccination
  11. Genital Herpes
  12. Genital Herpes
  13. Genital Warts
  14. Get Tested for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea
  15. Get Tested for HIV
  16. Get Tested: National HIV, STD and Hepatitis Testing – Frequently Asked Questions
  17. Gonorrhea
  18. Gonorrhea
  19. HIV
  20. HIV and AIDS
  21. HIV and Other STDs
  22. HPV
  23. HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
  24. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) [Vaccine]
  25. HPV Facts for WomenSexually Transmitted Infections
  26. HPV Infection May Cause Throat, Mouth Cancer
  27. HPV and Cancer
  28. Sexually Transmitted InfectionsHealth Checks for Women
  29. Hepatitis B
  30. Hepatitis C
  31. HIV
  32. HIV: How HIV Spreads
  33. How To Tell Someone That You Have an STD or STI
  34. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  35. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  36. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): About HPV
  37. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Cancers Caused By HPV
  38. Improving Lives by Detecting Sexually Transmitted Infections Early
  39. Internal Female Condoms
  40. International HPV Awareness Day [04 March 2024 Sexually Transmitted Infections
  41. Mayo Clinic Minute: ABCs of Hepatitis [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  42. Mayo Clinic Minute: Reducing the Risks of Sexually Transmitted Infections [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  43. Mayo Clinic Minute: Syphilis Surge Is Cause for Concern [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  44. Mayo Clinic Minute: The Link Between HPV and Throat Cancer [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic]
  45. Mayo Clinic Minute: What Is Hepatitis C? [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic]
  46. Mayo Clinic Minute: Why You Should Come Out As LGBTQ To Your Health Care Team [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic]
  47. Menopause Increases Your Risk of STIs Due To How Aging Changes Your Body
  48. Mpox
  49. Mpox (Monkeypox)
  50. Mpox (Monkeypox)
  51. Mycoplasma Genitalium (Mgen)
  52. National HIV Testing Day – 2024 [June 27]
  53. National Women’s Health Week [12-18 May 2024, United States]: Day 2 – May 13: Safe Sexual Health
    Sexually Transmitted Infections
  54. New Report Flags Major Increase In Sexually Transmitted Infections, Amidst Challenges In HIV and Hepatitis [21 May 2024]
  55. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
  56. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
  57. Rising Rates of Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis With Laura H. Bachmann, MD, MPH, FIDSA, FACP
  58. STD Testing: Conversation Starters
  59. STD Tests
  60. STIs A To Z
  61. STI Awareness Week [April 14-20, 2024, United States]
  62. STIs on the Rise In Older Women
  63. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  64. Sex Activities and Risk
  65. Sex During Vaginal Infection: Is It Harmful?
  66. Sex and Sexuality
  67. Sexual Health
  68. Sexual Health for Lesbian and Bisexual Women
  69. Sexual Healthcare In Your-20s and Beyond
  70. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
  71. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Symptoms & Causes
  72. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  73. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  74. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  75. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  76. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  77. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Genital HPV Infection
  78. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About STI Risk and Oral Sex
  79. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  80. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): STI or STD?
  81. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Types
  82. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Fact Sheets
  83. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Getting Tested for STIs
  84. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How To Prevent STIs
  85. Sexually Transmitted Infections, All You Need To Know – Podcast
  86. Syphilis
  87. Syphilis
  88. Syphilis
  89. Syphilis: A Rising Community Presence
  90. Trichomoniasis
  91. Trichomoniasis
  92. Trichomoniasis
  93. WHO Releases New Guidance To Improve Testing and Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections
  94. World Hepatitis Day 2024 [28 July]

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Reminders and Resources – Safe Sex Rules Still Apply. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/reminders-and-resources/safe-sex-rules-still-apply Accessed: 14 May 2024
  2. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Page Last Updated: 29 December 2022. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections Accessed: 14 May 2024
  3. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually Transmissible Infections (STIs). Last Updated: 11 May 2024 | Last Revised: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 May 2024
  4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Summary – What Are Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)? Last Updated: 08 May 2024. MedlinePlus https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Accessed: 14 May 2024
  5. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Overview. 10 July 2023. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 May 2024
  6. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Symptoms & Causes – Causes. 08 September 2023. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240 Accessed: 14 May 2024
  7. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): About Genital HPV Infection – Overview: What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? 06 February 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html Accessed: 14 May 2024
  8. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts. 21 May 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 August 2024
  9. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Key Facts. 21 May 2024. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis) Accessed: 14 August 2024
  10. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How to Have Safer Sex. Last Updated: 11 May 2024 | Last Reviewed: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 May 2024
  11. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): How To Have Safer Sex. Last Updated: 11 May 2024 | Last Reviewed: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis Accessed: 14 May 2024
  12. Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Reminders and Resources – Safe Sex Rules Still Apply. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/reminders-and-resources/safe-sex-rules-still-apply Accessed: 14 May 2024
  13. Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Reminders and Resources – Safe Sex Rules Still Apply. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/reminders-and-resources/safe-sex-rules-still-apply Accessed: 14 May 2024
  14. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Safer Sex. Last Updated: 11 May 2024 | Last Revised: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 May 2024
  15. Sexual Health & Menopause Online: Contraception – You May Need It Longer Than You May Think: Many Choices for the Midlife Woman. North American Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/reminders-and-resources/contraception-you-need-it-longer-than-you-may-think Accessed: 14 May 2024
  16. Contraception. Coitally-Dependent Barrier Methods — (c) Female Condom. Content Updated: July 2022. Australasian Menopause Society’s https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/280-contraception Accessed: 14 May 2024
  17. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Does A Pap Test Screen for STIs? Page Last Updated: 29 December 2022. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections Accessed: 14 May 2024
  18. HIV: How HIV Spreads – Risk Factors: Other Sexually Transmitted Infections. 18 January 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/causes/index.html Accessed: 14 May 2024
  19. Safer Sex and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): What To Do If You Have An STI. Last Updated: 11 May 2024 | Last Reviewed: 12 December 2023. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/sex-sexual-health/safer-sex-stis/ Accessed: 14 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 14 August 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 14 May 2024

/by

Healthy Weight

“Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight
includes healthy eating, physical activity,
optimal sleep, and stress reduction”.1

Umbrella

What may the Healthy Weight Umbrella include?

Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:

  • Healthy Weight
  • Weight Control
  • Weight Prevention

Definition

What is a healthy weight?

In Healthy Weight the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov note:

“What is a healthy weight? The answer is different for everyone. But it’s important to know what a healthy weight is for you”.2

Achieving and Maintaining

What does achieving and maintaining a healthy weight include?

In Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity the (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) explain:

“Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight includes healthy eating, physical activity, optimal sleep, and stress reduction. Several other factors may also affect weight gain”.3

Aging

As people age is it easier to gain weight?

In Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity: Finding A Balance of Food and Activity – Other Factors the CDC elaborate on:

Healthy Weight“As people age, their body composition gradually shifts — the proportion of muscle decreases and the proportion of fat increases. This shift slows their metabolism, making it easier to gain weight. In addition, some people become less physically active as they get older, increasing the risk of weight gain”.4

Women

As women age how much weight may they gain?

The (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) note:

“On average, Australian women gain about 5 to 7 kg (mainly fat around the waist) per decade as they age”.5

Healthy Waist Circumference

What is the key to a healthy waist circumference?

In A Healthy Weight: Maintaining A Healthy Waist Circumference the JH explain:

Healthy Weight“To help keep your waist within a healthy range, aim to have an average daily energy intake that’s equal to your daily energy needs”.6

Fad Diets

Can fad diets be harmful?

In A Healthy Weight: Maintaining A Healthy Waist Circumference – Avoid Fad Diets the JH also note:

“Fad diets can be harmful. They can slow your metabolism, cause headaches and fatigue, lead to less muscle and lower bone density. They can also cause constipation or diarrhoea and may contribute to eating disorders. Most of the time, people put the weight back on after doing a fad diet”.7

Dietary Supplements

Do dietary supplements work?

In Weight Control: Bottom Line the (United States) National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) caution:

  • “Researchers have studied the weight loss potential of a variety of dietary supplements, including omega-3s and fish oil; chitosan, a dietary fiber from shellfish; green tea extracts; Chinese herbs; and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract. None have been shown to be effective for weight loss, and each of these has side effects”.8

In Weight Control: Safety the NCCIH also caution:

  • “If you’re considering a dietary supplement for weight loss, remember that “natural” does not necessarily mean “safe””.9

Benefits

What are the benefits of a healthy weight?

In Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity: Finding A Balance of Food and Activity the CDC elaborate on:

“Managing your weight contributes to good health now and as you age. In contrast, people who have obesity, compared to those with a healthy weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions”.10

Health Care Provider

What if I would like help with a healthy weight?

If you would like help with a healthy weight it may be in your best interest to talk to your health care provider about this. The NCCIH note:

“If you’re thinking about starting a new weight-loss program, talk with your health care provider, who can assess your weight and health risks, determine whether you need to lose weight, and provide information that will help you make informed decisions about an effective weight-loss program”.11

Health Topics A-Z

Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Healthy Weight?

In Health Topics A-Z you may find:

Health Topics A-Z

Links

Where may I find Links related to Healthy Weight?

Your Country may have Links similar to:

Links

This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.

New or Updated

  1. 11 Ways To Spot A Fad Diet
  2. 13 Reasons You May Be Overeating
  3. 14 Ways To Lose Belly Fat
  4. 4 Ways Protein Can Help You Shed Pounds
  5. 5 Ways To Rethink What A ‘Balanced Diet’ Means
  6. 5 Steps To Lose Weight and Keep It Off
  7. A Healthy Weight
  8. Aim for A Healthy Weight
  9. Alcohol
  10. Alcohol Calorie Calculator
  11. Are My Hormones Making Me Fat?
  12. BMI Healthy Weight Calculator
  13. BMS TV: Menopause – Weight Gain, Nutrition and Lifestyle
  14. Belly Fat In Women: Taking – and Keeping – It Off
  15. Body Mass Index In Adults (BMI Calculator for Adults)
  16. Choosing A Safe and Successful Weight-Loss Program
  17. Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss
  18. Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss
  19. Does Metabolism Matter In Weight Loss?
  20. Eat Smart
  21. Eatright.org: For Women
  22. Exercise Calorie Calculator
  23. FAQs: Weight Control: Eating Right and Keeping Fit
  24. Food Diary – How To Keep Track of What You Eat
  25. Healthy Recipes [MedlinePlus, United States]
  26. Healthy Weight
  27. Healthy Weight and Growth: How Overweight and Obesity Impacts Your Health
  28. Healthy Weight and Growth: Steps for Losing Weight
  29. Healthy Weight and Growth: Tips for Healthy Eating for A Healthy Weight
  30. Healthy Weight and Growth: Tips for Maintaining Healthy Weight
  31. Healthy Weight: Weight Loss and Women
  32. How To Combat Menopausal Weight Gain | This Morning
  33. How To Increase Your Metabolism for Weight Loss
  34. How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Impacted Issues of Obesity
  35. Is It Safe To Use Herbal Weight Loss Supplements?
  36. Is Menopause Making Me Put on Weight? No, But It’s Complicated
  37. Is the Keto Diet Right for You? A Mayo Expert Weighs In
  38. Keep the Size of Your Waist To Less Than Half of Your Height, NICE Recommends
  39. Keeping A Healthy Body Weight
  40. Lifestyle and Behaviour Changes for Menopausal Symptoms
  41. Looking To Stay Fuller, Longer? Try These Healthy, Filling Foods
  42. Losing Weight
  43. Losing Weight: Questions for the Doctor
  44. Managing Your Weight
  45. Mayo Clinic Minute: Combating Weight Gain During Menopause [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  46. Mayo Clinic Minute: Health Consequences of Obesity [+ Video]
  47. Mayo Clinic Minute: Obesity and Heart Disease [+ Video]
  48. Mayo Clinic Minute: Surprising Sources of Added Sugar [+ Video]
  49. Mayo Clinic Minute: Weaning off Popular Weight-Loss Medications [+ Video]
  50. Mayo Clinic Minute: Weight Loss and Willpower [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
  51. Mayo Clinic Minute: What’s the Skinny on Weight-Loss Drugs? [+ Video]
  52. Mayo Clinic Minute: Why Excess Belly Fat Is A Health Risk for Women [+ Video]
  53. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Is Intermittent Fasting Good for Weight Loss?
  54. Mayo Clinic Q and A: What Is Bariatric Surgery?
  55. Meal Timing In Weight Management
  56. Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated With Menopause and Midlife
  57. Menopause Weight Gain Is Normal — Here’s How To Combat It
  58. Menopause and Weight
  59. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Herbs At A Glance
  60. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: How Safe Is This Product or Practice?
  61. New Dietary Guidelines for Americans
  62. Nutrition and Eating for Good Health
  63. Obesity
  64. Office of Dietary Supplements: Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss
  65. One In Eight People Are Now Living With Obesity
  66. Overweight and Obesity: What They Mean and Why They Matter
  67. Real Recipes [World Cancer Research Fund]
  68. Recipe Finder – Enjoy Food [Diabetes UK [United Kingdom]]
  69. Recipes [American Heart Association]
  70. Recipes [Jean Hailes for Women’s Health]
  71. Recipes [World Cancer Research Fund]
  72. Recipes for the Woman-On-The-Go
  73. Rethink Your Drink
  74. Science In 5: Episode #101 – Do Sweeteners Help With Weight Loss?
  75. Science In 5: Episode #113 – Obesity [01 March 2024]
  76. Strategies for Successful Weight Loss
  77. Tainted Weight Loss Products
  78. The Difference Between Muscle Weight vs. Fat Weight
  79. The Best Time To Weigh Yourself (and How Often You Should Step on the Scale)
  80. The Importance of Understanding Your Eating Habits
  81. The Mediterranean Diet and Menopausal Health: An EMAS Position Statement
  82. The New Anti-Obesity Drugs: What You Should Know
  83. The Reality of Menopause Weight Gain
  84. The Truth About Menopause and Weight Gain
  85. Time-Restricted Eating Doesn’t Appear To Boost Weight Loss
  86. Timesaving Tips for Cooking Healthy Meals
  87. Thinking About Weight-Loss Surgery? 4 Things To Consider
  88. Webinars: Previous – Management of Menopause in Patients with Obesity
  89. Wegovy: Why Half the People Taking the Weight Loss Drug Stop Within A Year – and What Happens When They Do
  90. Weight Control
  91. Weight Control – Multiply Languages
  92. Weight Gain In Women At Midlife: Unique Issues In Management and the Role of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  93. Weight Loss: Expert Answers – Drinking Apple Cider Vinegar for Weight Loss Seems Far-Fetched: Does It Work?
  94. Weight Loss: In-Depth – Choosing A Diet That’s Right for You
  95. What Does Your Body Shape Say About Your Health?
  96. What Is Thinspo and Why Is It Dangerous?
  97. What To Know About Berberine: Benefits, Uses and Side Effects
  98. What To Know About the 5:2 Diet
  99. What You Need To Know About Juicing for Weight Loss
  100. Why It Really Is Harder for Women To Lose Weight (and What To Do About It)

Sources

Where may I find the Sources quoted?

You may find the Sources quoted at:

Sources

  1. Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Last Reviewed: 09 June 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/index.html Accessed: 12 May 2024
  2. Healthy Weight. Page Last Updated: 06 October 2022. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/healthy-weight Accessed: 12 May 2024
  3. Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Last Reviewed: 09 June 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/index.html Accessed: 12 May 2024
  4. Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity: Finding A Balance of Food and Activity – Other Factors. Last Reviewed: 23 February 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/prevention/index.html Accessed: 12 May 2024
  5. A Healthy Weight: Maintaining A Healthy Waist Circumference. Last Updated: 19 March 2024 | Last Reviewed: 23 January 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/healthy-living/managing-healthy-weight Accessed: 12 May 2024
  6. A Healthy Weight: Maintaining A Healthy Waist Circumference. Last Updated: 19 March 2024 | Last Reviewed: 23 January 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/healthy-living/managing-healthy-weight Accessed: 12 May 2024
  7. A Healthy Weight: Maintaining A Healthy Waist Circumference – Avoid Fad Diets. Last Updated: 19 March 2024 | Last Reviewed: 23 January 2024. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/healthy-living/managing-healthy-weight Accessed: 12 May 2024
  8. Weight Control: Bottom Line. Last Updated: September 2017. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/weight-control Accessed: 12 May 2024
  9. Weight Control: Safety. Last Updated: September 2017. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/weight-control Accessed: 12 May 2024
  10. Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Last Reviewed: 09 June 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/prevention/index.html Accessed: 12 May 2024
  11. Weight Control. Last Updated: September 2017. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health https://nccam.nih.gov/health/weightloss Accessed: 12 May 2024
Topic Last Updated: 24 September 2024 – Topic Last Reviewed: 12 May 2024

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