“Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women
in the United States
and can affect women at any age”.1
Umbrella
What may the Heart Disease and Women Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Heart Conditions
Heart Disease/s
Heart Disease
What is heart disease?
DotS the definition of heart disease may vary. The (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) definition is:
“The term “heart disease” refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type of heart disease in the United States is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD affects the blood flow to the heart. Decreased blood flow can cause a heart attack”.2
“Coronary heart disease is a type of heart disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart. It is also sometimes called coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease”.3
“Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death for women. About 80% of women ages 40 to 60 have one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease. Having multiple risk factors significantly increases a woman’s chance of developing coronary heart disease”.4
“Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States and can affect women at any age.
In 2021, it was responsible for the deaths of 310,661 women—or about 1 in every 5 female deaths. Only about half (56%) of US women recognize that heart disease is their number 1 killer”.5
“The more a woman knows about heart disease, the better chance she has of beating it. The first facts you need to know are very serious: Heart disease and stroke cause 1 in 3 deaths among women each year – more than all cancers combined. Fortunately, we can change that because 80 percent of cardiac and stroke events may be prevented with education and action”.6
“A. You do. Although many women think of heart disease as a man’s disease, the number one killer of women in North America is cardiovascular disease, that is, diseases of the heart and circulatory system. After age 55, more than half of all the deaths in women are caused by cardiovascular disease. Risk for this disease increases after menopause. Be sure to talk to your healthcare team about what your risks are and how you can reduce them”.7
Health Care Provider
What if I think I have heart disease or I have a family history of heart disease?
If you think you have heart disease or you have a family history of heart disease, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.
“A crucial step in determining your risk is to see your doctor for a thorough checkup. Your doctor can be an important partner in helping you set and reach goals for heart health. But don’t wait for your doctor to mention heart disease or its risk factors. Many doctors don’t routinely bring up the subject with women patients”.8
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Heart Disease and Women?
Where may I find the Links related to Heart Disease and Women?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
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“Palpitations in menopause often happen during hot
flashes. Your heart rate might increase by 8 to 16 beats
while you’re in the middle of a hot flash”.1
Umbrella
What may the Heart Palpitations Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
Abnormal Heart Rhythms
Arrhythmia
Cardiac (Heart Arrhythmia)
Heart Palpitations/Pounding/Racing
Heart Rhythms
Irregular Heartbeats
Palpitations
Definition
What are heart palpitations?
DotS the definition of heart palpitations may vary. The (United Kingdom) NHS’s definition is:
“Heart palpitations are when your heartbeat becomes more noticeable”.2
The (United States) Mayo Clinic’s definition is:
“Heart palpitations (pal-pih-TAY-shuns) are feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart”.3
“Palpitations in menopause often happen during hot flashes. Your heart rate might increase by 8 to 16 beats while you’re in the middle of a hot flash”.7
“Although more research is needed to understand why symptoms, such as heart palpitations, happen, there are things you can do to improve your menopausal symptoms. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to help with heart palpitations, hot flushes and night sweats. The Balance website also has information on managing menopausal symptoms”.8
Health Care Provider
What if I have heart palpitations?
If you have heart palpitations it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.
Where may I find Links related to Heart Palpitations?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
“Technology and the Internet are powerful tools for anyone experiencing domestic violence. They can be essential resources to access help and information, and valuable platforms to connect with friends, family members, advocates, and service providers.
Unfortunately, they can also be used by abusive partners to begin, continue, or escalate abuse, making it all the more important to ensure your safety online”.1
Computer Safety
Can computers be monitored?
In Internet & Computer Safety the (United States) National Network To End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) elaborate on:
“If you think your activities (online and offline) are being monitored, you are probably right. People who are abusive often want to know their victim’s every move and interaction”.2
Computers store information about the websites you visit. That means bills you pay and purchases you make are tracked, and messages or emails can be retrieved. You should always consider that a computer might be monitored when you use it and be careful with what you send others or post”.3
Security Alert
Can some violence against women websites include a security alert?
Can different countries have different National Domestic Violence hotline/helpline numbers to call?
Yes. It is important to note different countries can have different National Domestic Violence hotline/helpline numbers to call. It may therefore be in your best interest to choose to check what the number is for you in your country.
Escape
Can some violence against women website pages include a colored “Escape” or “Leave this site safely” notification?
In the Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov’s section Relationships and Safety: Escape, topics may include an escape button on the left side of the page which instructs:
“Email can be a useful way to keep in touch with trusted friends and family members who may be aware of your situation. An abusive partner is likely to know this and may have access to your email account without your knowledge. To be safe, open an account your partner doesn’t know about on a safe computer and use that email for safety planning and sensitive communications”.5
“If you’re in an abusive relationship, consider purchasing a pay-as-you-go phone and keep it in a safe place for private calls. Use a password on your phone and update it regularly. If you are concerned that your partner may be secretly monitoring your phone, consider taking it into a cell phone service center to check for any spyware that may be downloaded”.6
E Safety Women
What is eSafetywomen?
Your Country may have the equivalent of (Australia’s) eSafetywomen which empowers women to take control online.
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Violence Against Women and Computer Safety?
Where may I find Links related to Violence Against Women and Computer Safety?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
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“After menopause, risk factors for heart disease increase.
These include: high blood pressure, an increase in total
cholesterol, an increase in LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol)…”.1
Umbrella
What may the Heart Disease and Women’s Risk Factors Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Heart Conditions
Heart Disease Risk Factors
Heart Disease/s
Heart Disease
What is heart disease?
DotS the definition of heart disease may vary. The (United States) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition is:
“The term “heart disease” refers to several types of heart conditions. The most common type of heart disease in the United States is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD affects the blood flow to the heart. Decreased blood flow can cause a heart attack”.2
“Your age and family history also affect your risk for heart disease. Your risk is higher if:
You’re a woman over age 55
You’re a man over age 45
Your father or brother had heart disease before age 55
Your mother or sister had heart disease before age 65”.5
Family History
Is there an association between family history and heart disease?
Yes. In Family History the British Heart Foundation elaborate on:
“If you have a family history of a heart or circulatory disease, you might have a higher risk of developing conditions that can lead to a heart attack or stroke”.6
Diabetes
Is there an association between diabetes and heart disease?
“Having diabetes means you are more likely to develop heart disease. People with diabetes are also more likely to have certain risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, that increase their chances of having a heart attack or a stroke”.7
Menopause
Is there an association between menopause and heart disease?
“Before menopause, women have a lower risk of heart disease than men. However, as women age and their oestrogen levels fall, their risk of cardiovascular disease increases. Heart disease is one of the leading cause of death for Australian women. Heart disease also claims three times as many lives as breast cancer”.8
After Menopause
Is there an association between after menopause and heart disease risk factors?
“A crucial step in determining your risk is to see your doctor for a thorough checkup. Your doctor can be an important partner in helping you set and reach goals for heart health. But don’t wait for your doctor to mention heart disease or its risk factors. Many doctors don’t routinely bring up the subject with women patients”.11
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Heart Disease and Women’s Risk Factors?
Where may I find Links related to Heart Disease and Women’s Risk Factors?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 22 August 2024
Heart Disease: About Heart Disease – What Is Heart Disease? 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/about.htm Accessed: 22 August 2024
Coronary Heart Disease: Causes and Risk Factors – What Raises Your Risk of Heart Disease? Last Updated: 20 December 2023. National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/causes Accessed: 22 August 2024
What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 22 August 2024
What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 22 August 2024
What Is Menopause? Perimenopause, Menopause and Postmenopause – Postmenopause: Heart Health. Last Updated: 18 January 2024 | Last Reviewed: 19 August 2022. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/about-menopause Accessed: 22 August 2024
“Induced menopause refers to menstrual periods that
stop after surgical removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy
or radiation damage to the ovaries, or from…”.1
Umbrella
What may the Induced Menopause Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
“A. Induced menopause refers to menstrual periods that stop after surgical removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy or radiation damage to the ovaries, or from the use of other medications to intentionally induce menopause as part of the treatment of certain diseases”.2
“A. Menopause symptoms related to induced menopause can be similar to those from natural menopause, including hot flashes, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness. But premenopausal women who experience induced menopause can have more intense symptoms, and therefore, a greater need for treatment to control them than women who undergo natural menopause. And because you may be going through menopause at a young age, you need ongoing monitoring and sometimes treatment to lower your risk of menopause-associated diseases, such as osteoporosis, later in life”.4
Health Care Provider
What if I have had an induced menopause?
If you have had an induced menopause, it may be in your best interest to choose to have a complete evaluation by your health care provider.
Where may I find Links related to Induced Menopause?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
“A healthy diet includes the following: Fruit, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice)…”.1
Umbrella
What may the Healthy Diet Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
Fruit, vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), nuts and whole grains (e.g. unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice)
At least 400 g (i.e. five portions) of fruit and vegetables per day, excluding potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other starchy roots
Less than 10% of total energy intake from free sugars, which is equivalent to 50 g (or about 12 level teaspoons) for a person of healthy body weight consuming about 2000 calories per day, but…
Less than 30% of total energy intake from fats. Unsaturated fats (found in fish, avocado and nuts, and in sunflower, soybean, canola and olive oils) are preferable to…
Less than 5 g of salt (equivalent to about one teaspoon) per day. Salt should be iodized…”.2
Recipes
Where may I find some nutritious recipes?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
If you would like help with healthy eating, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.
“Want to go beyond the nutrition basics? Talk to your doctor or a dietitian for personalized dietary advice that takes into account your health status, lifestyle, and food preferences”.3
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Healthy Diet?
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
“When your partner goes through menopause, different hormonal changes will affect their body, health, energy levels and mood. They may also have different emotions about coming to the end of their reproductive years.
While every woman’s experience is different, it’s a good idea to learn about menopause and related symptoms so you can support them through this time”.2
“It’s common for women to have lower sex drive (libido) during menopause. This could be due to many things, including changing hormone levels, vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness (which can cause discomfort during sex) and lowered mood and fatigue”.5
“The years surrounding menopause can be difficult for women and families, but supportive communication can help. These tips from Ms Needleman are designed for couples, but some may also apply to women who don’t have a partner.
“There are many things you can do to help your partner through the different stages of menopause.
For example:
Listen and be supportive
Understand that some (not all) mood changes may be due to menopause
Allow your partner to express their feelings, even if you don’t understand them
Ask your partner to help you understand their symptoms
Encourage your partner to talk about what they need and when they need it
Keep an open mind about why your partner may be acting differently
Support your partner to make healthy choices, like eating healthy food and reducing alcohol consumption (which can affect menopausal symptoms)
Be patient when it comes to sex – and find other ways to be intimate
Go with your partner to medical appointments or counselling (if required)”.7
Health Care Provider
What if I would like help with my relationship?
If you would like help with your relationship, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can decide on who may be the best health care provider to help you.
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Menopause Relationships?
Where may I find Links related to Menopause Relationships?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
“Symptoms of premature and early menopause are like those you would experience if you reached menopause at the expected age of 51–52 years, but symptoms can…”.1
Umbrella What may the Early Menopause Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
Early Menopause
Premature Menopause
Early Menopause and Premature Menopause
Is early menopause the same as premature menopause?
“Symptoms of premature and early menopause are like those you would experience if you reached menopause at the expected age of 51–52 years, but symptoms can often be more severe due to the sudden change in hormone levels”.5
“Early or premature menopause can happen on its own for no clear reason, or it can happen because of certain surgeries, medicines, or health conditions.
Reasons for early or premature menopause can include:
Family history…
Smoking…
Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer…
Surgery to remove the ovaries…
Surgery to remove the uterus…
Certain health conditions…
Autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis…
“Up to 8% of women have had their final period by the time they are 45. This percentage is likely to be higher if we include menopause caused by surgery and cancer treatment”.7
Heart Disease
Is there an association between heart disease and early menopause?
“Hormone changes may affect a woman’s risk for coronary heart disease. Before menopause, the hormone estrogen provides women with some protection against heart disease. This may be because estrogen keeps the arteries flexible or because estrogen may have beneficial effects on blood lipids. As women age, though, their risk for coronary heart disease increases, and menopausal hormone therapy may further increase that risk. Women who experience early menopause, especially after a hysterectomy, are more likely to develop heart disease than women of the same age who have not yet experienced menopause”.8
Depression
Is there an association between depression and early menopause?
“It’s important to talk to someone if you feel very emotional, anxious or depressed after your diagnosis. Your doctor can help with symptom relief and refer you to a psychologist if needed”.9
Hormone Therapy
What is one of the highlights about early menopause included in the 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of the North American Menopause Society?
“Women with primary ovarian insufficiency and premature or early menopause have higher risks of bone loss, heart disease, and cognitive or affective disorders associated with estrogen deficiency. It is recommended that hormone therapy can be used until at least the mean age of menopause unless there is a contraindication to its use”.10
Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk
What is one of the recommendations included in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause?
“Women with POI and early menopause (40–45 years old) should be advised that HRT is unlikely to increase risk of breast cancer in younger menopausal women under the age of 50”.11
What is POI?
POI in this context is an abbreviation for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.
Health Care Provider
What if I think I have early menopause?
If you think you have early menopause, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. Together you can discuss your options and if required, agree on who may be the most appropriate health care provider to help you.
“Premature ovarian insufficiency or early menopause, if untreated, increases the risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, dementia and Parkinsonism, and reduces life expectancy”.12
The EMAS also note:
“Referral to specialist menopause, fertility and assisted reproduction professionals should be discussed with the patient”.13
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Early Menopause?
Where may I find Links related to Early Menopause?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
Davis, S. R., Taylor, S., Hemachandra, C., Magraith, K., Ebeling, P. R., Jane, F., and Islam, R. M. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause: Definitions. First Published Online: 30 October 2023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13697137.2023.2258783 Accessed: 18 August 2024
Early or Premature Menopause: What Causes Early or Premature Menopause? Page Last Updated: 29 December 2022. Office on Women’s Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Womenshealth.gov https://www.womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause Accessed: 18 August 2024
Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:2. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 18 August 2024
“If you would like to find out what health information in multiply languages is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your…”.Meno Martha
Umbrella
What may the Health Information In Multiply Languages Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
Foreign Language Health Information
Health Information In Many/Multiply Languages
Health Information In Other languages
Health Information In Your Language
Sign Language
Date
What can it be important to be clear about with health information in multiply languages?
It can be important to be clear about the date of all information including the date of health information in multiply languages because this information may have been updated.
Intended Audience
What can it also be important to be clear about with the intended audience of health information?
It can also be important to be clear about the intended audience of all information including the intended audience of health information, because this information may be different for you in your country.
Health Care Provider
What if I would like to find out what health information in multiply languages is applicable to me?
If you would like to find out what health information in multiply language is applicable to you, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this.
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Health Information In Multiply Languages?
Where may I find Links related to Health Information In Multiply Languages?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.
https://www.menomartha.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MenoMartha-2020-logo-340.png00MWDhttps://www.menomartha.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MenoMartha-2020-logo-340.pngMWD2024-08-16 06:07:542024-08-16 10:27:14Health Information In Multiply Languages
“Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis
and osteoarthritis, cognitive decline and dementia,
depression, and cancer are the key diseases to address”.1
Umbrella
What may the Postmenopause and Chronic Disease Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
After/Beyond Menopause, Postmenopause
Chronic Conditions/Diseases/Illnesses
Prevention of Disease After Menopause
Postmenopause
How much of their lives will women be spending postmenopause?
“As the world population increases, along with an increase in life expectancy, many millions of women will be spending a third or more of their lives after menopause”.2
Postmenopause and Chronic Disease
Is there an association between postmenopause and chronic disease?
“There can be an increased risk of some health conditions postmenopause, such as cardiovascular (heart) disease, osteoporosis (weak bones) and urinary tract infections (UTIs). So it is important to have a healthy diet and lifestyle, and to go for your regular cancer screenings such as cervical (smear test) and breast”.3
According to the authors of Prevention of Diseases After Menopause:
“After menopause, several chronic diseases may emerge, usually by the sixth decade, and these include obesity and metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and arthritis, dementia and cognitive decline, and cancer. An important opportunity exists at the onset of menopause to prevent or attenuate these chronic diseases which have an onset approximately 10 years later”.4
Obesity
Is there an association between postmenopause and obesity?
The IMS note:
“Although women frequently report weight gain at midlife, studies across different populations have consistently shown that weight gain is primarily influenced by age, not menopause”.5
The authors of Prevention of Diseases After Menopause explain:
“Obesity is a growing world-wide problem, which exacerbates many chronic disease states. In women, the altered distribution of fat that occurs at menopause leads to an increase in insulin resistance, and the incidence of diabetes has risen exponentially. This increase, in turn, translates into an increased risk of CVD and death, with the impact being greater in women than in men”.6
Cardiovascular Disease
Is there an association between postmenopause and cardiovascular disease?
“Before menopause, your body’s own estrogen helps protect against cardiovascular diseases like heart attack, heart disease and stroke. Risks for these conditions increase after menopause. It’s also common for people in postmenopause to become more sedentary, which contributes to high cholesterol and high blood pressure”.7
Osteoporosis
Is there an association between postmenopause and osteoporosis?
“Osteoporosis and the broken bones it can cause are not part of normal aging. There is a lot you can do to protect your bones throughout your life. You’re never too young or too old to improve the health of your bones. Osteoporosis prevention should begin in childhood. But it shouldn’t stop there. Whatever your age, the habits you adopt now can affect your bone health for the rest of your life. Now is the time to take action”.8
The IMS note:
“Lifestyle and diet is the key strategy for preserving bone mass after menopause. Smoking and excessive alcohol use are toxic to bones and should be avoided. Moderate daily weight-bearing exercise strengthens bones and is recommended”.9
Osteoarthritis
Is there an association between postmenopause and osteoarthritis?
The IMS explain:
“While osteoarthritis is more common in men than women before menopause, it is higher in women after menopause. The identification of women with a family history of arthritis or those who are beginning to have stiff joints and immobility at the start of menopause is important and may allow for interventions, such as physical therapy, weight loss, physical exercise and anti-inflammatory agents. There is some data suggesting that estrogen may have a role in improving or decreasing the risk of osteoarthritis”.10
Dementia
Is there an association between postmenopause and dementia?
According to the IMS:
“Current evidence, unfortunately, does not strongly endorse any particular risk-reduction strategy but does support some approaches over others. Brain health should be bolstered through reducing cardiovascular risk factors; cognitive reserve should be increased through mentally stimulating activities associated with occupation, leisure activities and social engagement; and Alzheimer pathology should be attacked through regular aerobic physical activity. Depression should be recognised and treated, and women in their sixties or older should not start MHT. Research continues in this area”.11
Cancer
Is there an association between postmenopause and cancer?
“A. No, menopause itself doesn’t increase the risk of cancer. Cancers are more common as people age, however. Most cancers occur in people age 55 and older”.12
The IMS explain:
“With aging, the incidence of all cancers is expected to increase. For women, the most important cancers are breast, colon, endometrial, ovarian and lung cancer. Also, in the developing world cervical cancer is a major cause of death in women. Possible prevention of these cancers by lifestyle changes and appropriate screening gains more importance after menopause”.13
The IMS also note:
“Cessation of smoking and reduction in alcohol consumption are important to decrease the incidence of cancer. A lower fat, higher fibre, reduction in red meat diet is recommended; exercise has also been studied in clinical trials and is specified in the American Cancer Society Guidelines”.14
“Chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. But they are largely preventable. By practicing these four healthy behaviors, you can improve your odds of staying well, feeling good, and living longer.
Quit Smoking…
Eat Healthy…
Get Regular Physical Activity…
Limit Alcohol…
Get Screened…
Take Care of Your Teeth…
Get Enough Sleep…
Know Your Family History…”.15
Hormone Therapy
Should hormone therapy be used for the prevention of chronic disease?
“HRT should not be recommended for the primary or secondary prevention of chronic disease in women experiencing the menopause in keeping with national and international guidelines”.16
Health Care Provider
What if I would like help to prevent chronic disease?
If you would like help to prevent chronic disease, it may be in your best interest to choose to talk to your health care provider about this. The IMS explain:
“The menopause transition should be used as an opportunity to visit your healthcare professional for a check-up, assess potential risks and proactively start to manage later life. Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, cognitive decline and dementia, depression, and cancer are the key diseases to address”.17
Health Topics A-Z
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Lobo, R. A., Davis, S. R., De Villiers, T. J., Gompel, A., Henderson, V. W., Hodis, H. N., Lumsden, M. A., Mack, W. J., Shapiro, S. and Baber, R. J. Prevention of Diseases After Menopause: Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases After Menopause. 2014:3 https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wmd-2014-white-pages-english.pdf Accessed: 16 August 2024
Chronic Disease: About Chronic Diseases – Preventing Chronic Diseases: What You Can Do Now – Prevention Steps and Strategies. 15 May 2024. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/about/index.html Accessed: Accessed: 16 August 2024
Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayasena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022:4. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 16 August 2024
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