“Genitourinary syndrome of menopause is caused by
a decrease in estrogen production. Less estrogen
makes your vaginal tissues thinner, drier, less elastic…”.1
Umbrella
What may the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Umbrella include?
Depending on the Source (DotS) this Umbrella may include:
- Atrophic Vaginitis
- Genital Atrophy
- Genitourinary/Genito-Urinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM)
- Menopause Vaginal Dryness
- Urogenital Problems
- Vaginal Atrophy
- Vaginal Dryness
- Vaginal Symptoms
- Vulvovaginal Atrophy (VVA)
Definition
What is the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)?
DotS the definition of GSM may vary. On page one in Vaginal Dryness the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) (now The Menopause Society (TMS)) elaborate on:
In Mayo Clinic Q and A: Treatment for Vaginal Dryness for Menopausal Women the (United States) Mayo Clinic elaborate on:
“Vaginal dryness is common in women who are approaching menopause and those who have gone through menopause. Other related symptoms include vaginal and vulvar irritation; burning or itching; discomfort or pain with sexual activity; and urinary symptoms, such as more frequent or urgent urination, urge leak, and urinary tract infections. Together, these symptoms are referred to as “genitourinary syndrome of menopause,” or GSM. These symptoms occur in roughly half of menopausal women and are even more common in women with breast cancer”.3
Common or Not
How common is GSM in postmenopausal women?
In Symptoms of Menopause: Bladder, Vaginal and Vulval Problems the (Australian) Jean Hailes for Women’s Health (JH) explain:
Symptoms
What may be symptoms of GSM?
In Vaginal Atrophy: Symptoms & Causes – Symptoms the Mayo Clinic explain:
- Vaginal dryness
- Vaginal burning
- Vaginal discharge
- Genital itching
- Burning with urination
- Urgency with urination
- Frequent urination
- Recurrent urinary tract infections
- Urinary incontinence
- Light bleeding after intercourse
- Discomfort with intercourse
- Decreased vaginal lubrication during sexual activity
- Shortening and tightening of the vaginal canal”.5
Cause
What causes GSM?
In Vaginal Atrophy: Symptoms & Causes – Causes the Mayo Clinic elaborate on:
“Genitourinary syndrome of menopause is caused by a decrease in estrogen production. Less estrogen makes your vaginal tissues thinner, drier, less elastic and more fragile”.6
Common or Not
How common is GSM?
In Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: Key Points the Australasian Menopause Society note:
- “These symptoms are common- affecting between 40% and 90% of menopausal women. Urinary incontinence develops in up to 50% of postmenopausal women”.7
Treatment
What are some GSM treatments?
On page one and two in Vaginal Dryness: Treatment Options NAMS elaborate on:

- “Nonhormone Remedies
- Vaginal Lubricants…
- Vaginal Moisturizers…
- Regular Sexual Stimulation…
- Expanding Your Views of Sexual Pleasure…
- Vaginal Dilators…
- Pelvic Floor Exercises…
- Vaginal Hormone Therapy…
- An effective and safe treatment, low-dose local estrogen applied directly to the vagina…
- FDA-approved low-dose vaginal estrogen products…
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; Prasterone)
- Low-dose vaginal estrogen or DHEA may be options for women with a history breast or uterine cancer…
- Systemic Estrogen Therapy
- Other Therapies…
- Ospemifene
- Vaginal Laser Therapy…”.8
Painful Intercourse
How may painful intercourse be resolved?
The Mayo Clinic explain:
Vaginal Estrogen
How may vaginal estrogen be used?
In The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract published July 2022, the NAMS note:
“For bothersome genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms not relieved with over-the-counter therapies in women without indications for use of systemic hormone therapy, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies (eg, vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone or oral ospemifene) are recommended”.10
Can estrogen be placed directly into the vagina?
On page one in Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use, published July 2022, the NAMS explain:
“If you are bothered only by vaginal dryness, you can use very low doses of estrogen placed directly into the vagina. These low doses generally do not raise blood estrogen levels above postmenopause levels and do not treat hot flashes. You do not need to take a progestogen when using only low doses of estrogen in the vagina. (The MenoNote “Vaginal Dryness” covers this topic in detail)”.11
On page three in the Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause, first published online 10 June 2022, one of the recommendations is:
- “Low-dose and ultra-low dose vaginal oestrogen preparations can be taken by perimenopausal and menopausal women experiencing genitourinary symptoms and continued for as long as required. All vaginal oestrogen preparations have been shown to be effective in this context and there is no requirement to combine vaginal oestrogens with systemic progestogen treatment for endometrial protection, as low-dose and ultra-low dose vaginal oestrogen preparations do not result in significant systemic absorption or endometrial hyperplasia”.12
Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline (2025)
What is the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline (2025), published April 2025, endorsed by The International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health (ISSWSH) and The Menopause Society (TMS)?
In Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline (2025) the authors elaborate on:
What is AUA, SUFU and AUGS?
In the context above, these abbreviations stand for the:
Health Care Provider
What if I think I have GSM?
In The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause – Effectiveness: Local Treatment of Urogenital Atrophy, published online 01 December 2023, the authors note:
In Symptoms of Menopause: Bladder, Vaginal and Vulval Problems – Urinary Symptoms the JH explain:
On page two in Vaginal Dryness the NAMS also note:
Health Topics A-Z
Where may I find Health Topics A-Z related to Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause?
In Health Topics A-Z you may find:
Links
Where may I find Links related to Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause?
Your Country may have Links similar to:
Links
This Links List to third party websites is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive. Inclusion on this Links List does not imply endorsement or recommendation. Non-inclusion on this Links List does not imply non-endorsement or non-recommendation. Third party websites are not under the control of Meno Martha International Menopause Directory. Third party websites may contain explicit medical images and/or sexual references. Please read Meno Martha International Menopause Directory’s Links Policy before proceeding to a Link. Please contact Webmaster if you experience a problem with a Link.New or Updated
- Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract Issues Often Overlooked During Menopause Transition [29 April 2025]
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause [October 2024]
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline (2025) [April 2025]
- Pelvic Floor Health | Dr Louise Newson LIVE [23 March 2025]
- The AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
- Webinars: Previous – The Burn, the Itch, the Pain, the Urge: GSM In Women [15 April 2025]
- ACOG Explains: Managing Menopause Symptoms [American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]
- Askearlymenopause.org [+ Video: What Is Early Menopause?]
- BMS TV: Urogenital Atrophy
- Bioidentical Hormones: Are They Safer?
- Bladder Control: Lifestyle Strategies Ease Problems
- Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract Issues Often Overlooked During Menopause Transition
- CAMS Menopause Hour: Genitourinary Wellness In Women [Council of Affiliated Menopause Societies]
- Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: An Evidence Map
- Consumer Video and Podcast Series: 2024 Consumer Videos and Podcasts – Preparing for Your Menopause Health Care Visit
- Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use
- Do Home Remedies Work for UTIs?
- Douching
- Dr. Stephanie Faubion – Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
- Estradiol (Vaginal Route)
- Experiencing Vaginal Dryness? Here’s What You Need To Know
- Experts Answer Your Menopause Questions In New Video
- Find A Menopause Practitioner [United States and Other]
- Find An AMS Member [Australasian Menopause Society i.e. Australia and New Zealand]
- Find Your Nearest BMS Menopause Specialist [British Menopause Society]
- Gaslighting of Genitourinary Symptoms of the Menopause
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause [Video]
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause [Podcast]
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause and the False Promise of Vaginal Laser Therapy
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline (2025) [April 2025]
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review on Prevalence and Treatment [Video]
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: New Name, Old Problem
- HRT Questions Answered
- Hormonal Treatments and Vaginal Moisturizers for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review
- Hormone Therapy: Is It Right for You?
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Vaginal Oestrogen – Common Questions About Vaginal Oestrogen
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Vaginal Oestrogen – How and When To Use Vaginal Oestrogen
- How To Talk To Your Doctor About Bladder Leakage
- How To Talk To Your Doctor About Menopause
- How To Talk To Your Doctor About Painful Sex
- International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health: Find A Provider
- Is It Too Late To Start HRT?
- Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause
- Later Years (Around 50 Years and Over): Menopause and Post Menopause Health – Sexual Wellbeing, Intimacy and Menopause [+ Video: Menopause Is the End of Your Sex Life]
- Low Estrogen Bladder Symptoms and Treatment
- Lubricant Alternatives: What To Use and What To Avoid
- Managing Menopause Symptoms [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
- Mayo Clinic Minute: Menopause and Sexual Health [+ Video Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network]
- Mayo Clinic Q and A: 6 UTI Myths and Facts
- Mayo Clinic Q and A: Perimenopause Transitions and Concerns
Menopause
- Menopause
- Menopause Checklist Podcast: Episode 1: A Wee Problem
- Menopause Checklist Podcast: Episode 6: Hello Lubricant!
- Menopause Management Options
- Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Questions for Your Health Care Provider
- Menopause Map: Downloadable Resources – My Personal Path Print Tools: Symptom Tracker
- Menopause Patient Information [Videos] 2. Talking To Your GP About Menopause
- Menopause Preparedness Toolkit Video Series: Common Conditions Associated With Menopause and Midlife
- Menopause Ruining Your Sex Life?
- Menopause: Identification and Management [NICE Guideline Published: 12 November 2015 Last Updated: 07 November 2024]
- Menopause: Identification and Management: NICE Guideline [NG23] Published: 12 November 2015 Last Updated: 07 November 2024
- Menopause: Understanding the Changes and Finding Relief | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 256
- Navigating Menopause Together: How Partners Can Help
- Navigating Menopause: Expert Insights and Solutions | Dr Susan Davis | The Proof Podcast EP 245
- Navigating Menopause: Honest Answers To All Your Questions [+ Video: What To Expect in Menopause]
- Painful Vaginal Sex (Dyspareunia)
- Pelvic Floor Health | Dr Louise Newson LIVE
- Perimenopause
- Perimenopause and Menopause Symptom Checklist
- Questions To Ask Your GP About Menopause
- Surprising Menopause Symptoms Q&A | Dr Louise Newson
- Symptoms of Menopause: Bladder, Vaginal and Vulval Problems
- The 2020 Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
- The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause
- The Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: An Overview of the Recent Data
- The AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
- Therapeutic Choices for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) In Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Update
- The Truth About Menopause Supplements | Dr Sarah Berry
- Treating Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause In Breast Cancer Survivors
- Treating Incontinence During Your Perimenopause and Menopause Years
- UTI: This Common Infection Can Be Serious
- Urogenital Problems
- Urologic View In the Management of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
- Using Natural Therapies In the Menopause Transition – Webinar
- Vaginal Atrophy
- Vaginal Atrophy
- Vaginal Dryness
- Vaginal Dryness
- Vaginal Dryness
- Vaginal Dryness After Menopause: How To Treat It? I’m postmenopausal and often have vaginal dryness, which makes intercourse painful. Is there anything I can do about it?
- Vaginal Dryness: Alternative Treatments
- Video & Podcast Library: Videos – World Menopause Day 2024: Menopause and Hormone Therapy: Current Perspectives and Controversies
- Videos & Podcasts: Videos – Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause
- Videos & Podcasts: Videos – Menopause and Hormone Therapy: Current Perspectives and Controversies
- Videos & Podcasts: Videos – Vulvar Diseases, Overview for Aging Women
- Webinars: Previous – The Burn, the Itch, the Pain, the Urge: GSM In Women
- What Is the Difference Between Vagifem and Estring?
- What Types of Vaginal Oestrogens Are There?
- When Does Perimenopause Start and How Do You Define the Beginning
- Which Vaginal Moisturiser Should You Use?
- World Menopause Day 2024: Leaflet for Women – Menopause and Menopause Hormone Therapy [Multiply Languages]
- World Menopause Day 2024: Poster for Women – The 5 Ws of Menopause Hormone Therapy (MHT)
- Vulval Irritation
Vulvovaginal Atrophy
Sources
Where may I find the Sources quoted?
You may find the Sources quoted at:
Sources
- Vaginal Atrophy: Symptoms & Causes – Causes. 17 September 2021. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352288 Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Vaginal Dryness. 2022: 1. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/for-women/mn-vaginal-dryness_4e454569-8d3c-4346-a00b-515f46b378c9.pdf Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Mayo Clinic Q and A: Treatment for Vaginal Dryness for Menopausal Women. 14 July 2021. Mayo Clinic https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-q-and-a-treatment-for-vaginal-dryness-for-menopausal-women/ Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Symptoms of Menopause: Bladder, Vaginal and Vulval Problems. Last Updated: 23 April 2025. Last Reviewed: 23 April 2025. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms/ Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Vaginal Atrophy: Symptoms & Causes – Symptoms. 17 September 2021. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352288 Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Vaginal Atrophy: Symptoms & Causes – Causes. 17 September 2021. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352288 Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: Key Points. Content Created October 2024. Australasian Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/genitourinary-syndrome-of-menopause
- Vaginal Dryness: Treatment Options. 2022: 1-2. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/for-women/mn-vaginal-dryness_4e454569-8d3c-4346-a00b-515f46b378c9.pdf Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Vaginal Atrophy: Symptoms & Causes – Symptoms: When To See A Doctor. 17 September 2021. Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352288 Accessed: 30 April 2025
- The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society: Abstract. Published July 2022. Menopause Society https://journals.lww.com/menopausejournal/Abstract/2022/07000/The_2022_hormone_therapy_position_statement_of_The.4.aspx Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Deciding About Hormone Therapy Use. Published July 2022. Menopause Society https://www.menopause.org/docs/default-source/professional/menonote-deciding-about-ht-2022.pdf Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Hamoda, H., Mukherjee, A., Morris, E., Baldeweg, S. E., Jayesena, C. N., Briggs, P., Moger, S. Joint Position Statement By the British Menopause Society, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Society for Endocrinology on Best Practice Recommendations for the Care of Women Experiencing the Menopause. First Published Online 10 June 2022 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20533691221104879 Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: AUA/SUFU/AUGS Guideline (2025). April 2025. American Urological Association
https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/genitourinary-syndrome-of-menopause Accessed: 30 April 2025 - Davis, S. R., Taylor, S., Hemachandra, C., Magraith, K., Ebeling, P. R., Jane, F., and Islam12 September 2024, R. M. The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing Menopause: The 2023 Practitioner’s Toolkit for Managing the Menopause Supporting Notes – Effectiveness: Local Treatment of Urogenital Atrophy. Published Online: 30 October 2023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13697137.2023.2258783 Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Symptoms of Menopause: Bladder, Vaginal and Vulval Problems – Urinary Symptoms. Last Updated: 23 April 2025. Last Reviewed: 23 April 2025. Jean Hailes for Women’s Health https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/menopause-symptoms/ Accessed: 30 April 2025
- Vaginal Dryness: Note. 2022: 2. Menopause Society https://menopause.org/wp-content/uploads/for-women/mn-vaginal-dryness_4e454569-8d3c-4346-a00b-515f46b378c9.pdf Accessed: 30 April 2025